Collectivization o ka mahiai: ka pahu hopu, i ka i loko o nā hualoaʻa

I ka wā o ke kahua, a? Acaeoey o ka Soviet moku'āina, i ka hoʻomaka o ka moʻolelo i ia i ka lanakila o ka Bolsheviks ma ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana, ua nui nui-unahiʻole, i? Aneiai papahana a i lawe mai stringent mākaʻi ana. Kekahi o ia mea i ka collectivization o ka mahiai, i nā Pahuhopu, ano, hopena, a me kāu kiʻina hana a pau i ke kumuhana o keia Haawina.

He aha ka ka collectivization a me ka mea o kona manao?

Collectivization mahiai hiki iki e hoakakaia me he ao kaʻina o merging o liʻiliʻi kanaka mahiʻai aina ma ka nui like 'ona, haawiia keia i like like abbreviated. I ka makahiki 1927, ka mea i wahi ka kela XV Ahaolelo Lahui o ka CPSU (b), a ma luna o ka manaʻo o kēia polokalamu, a laila, i ke kumu nui loa o ka aina o ka aina ma ka makahiki 1933.

Collectivization, e like me ka aoao alakaʻi, ua e ae i ke aupuni no ka hoʻoponopono 'i ka huʻi i ka manawa o ka meaʻai pilikia ma ka kūkuluʻana o ka aina uuku no i na kauwa waena, a me ka poe ilihune, i loko o nui like mahiʻai eiiieaenu. I ka Ia manawa, i ka i manaoia huina hoʻopau o kua'āina kulaks hai maiʻenemi o Socialist hou '.

Kumu o ka collectivization

Nā initiators o collectivization i ike ai i ka nui pilikia o ka mahiai i loko o kona fragmentation. Lehulehu uuku-unahiʻole, i nā hoʻohua, nele o ka manawa, e loaʻa ke kālā no ia hoʻi, ka hapanui hoʻohana 'ia ma ka mahinaʻai o ka haʻahaʻa-productivity a inefficient manuale ka hana, a i ole ae ia lakou e loaaʻi kiʻekiʻe e haawi i ko. Ke no ia mau hopena Ua pio ka polokalamu he mau ulu shortage o ka ai, a me ka hanalima maka mea.

No ka hoʻoponopono 'ia e pōʻino pukana, a ua ua kauohaʻia ka piha collectivization o ka mahiai. Ka lā o ka hoomaka ana o kona manaʻo, a me ka mea, ua manaoia e ia December 19, 1927 - ka lā o ka pau 'ana o XV Ahaolelo Lahui o ka CPSU (b) i kekahi popoiwi wahi i loko o ke ola o ke kauhale. Ua hoomaka ka ikaika wanaao ae-i o kenekulia kahiko ke kūʻonoʻono ala o ke ola.

Anei ia - mai i ike i ke ano

Like ka mua agrarian nā mea hoʻololi i loko o Rusia, e like me ka hoʻokō 'ia ma 1861 ma Alexander II i ka 1906, Stolypin, collectivization hahai akula ma ka Communists, i ole i ka maopopo' ia polokalamu, kekahi manaʻoi hōʻike 'aoao o kona hoʻi.

Party Ahaolelo Lahui Ua aoia mai no ia ma luna o ka'ano'ē loli o ke kulekele i ana i ka mahiai, a me ka mea hou i nā luna a pau ia lakou iho, ma kā lākou mau kamepiula, e hoʻokō ia. Oia hoi, ua hoʻohoka lākou mau ho'āʻo, e hoopii i ke kikowaena ke aupuni no ka wehewehe.

Ke kaʻina Ua hoʻomaka 'ana

Aka hoi, ke kaʻina hana, a i hoʻoili ma ka Party Ahaolelo, a hele aku la i loko o ka kēia makahiki hoopio i ka nui hapa o ka aina. I loko nō o ka mea i ka oihana komo i loko o ka aina i hai, no ka naau, ma ka hapanui hoopii, i ko lakou hanaia'na o ka aaieieno a me ka mākaʻi ana.

Ma ke kupulau o 1929 ma ka USSR, ua agroupolnomochennye - luna aupuni kipa i ka paena, a like me ka poeikohoia o ka lani kiekie loa moku'āina Aupuni e kanaka hoʻoponopono i ka holomua o ka collectivization. Ka mea, Ua haawiia mai, e kōkua i ka nui Komsomol pūʻulu pū mobilized no ka ho'āla houʻana i kauhale ola.

Stalin ua he "nui popoiwi wahi" i loko o ka ola o na kauwa

I kekahi lā, i ka 12th lā hoʻomanaʻo o ke kipi - November 7, 1928, i ka nupepa "Pravda" Stalin paʻi ka 'atikala i loko o ka mea ana i koi ia keia i ka "nui popoiwi wahi" i loko o ka ola o ke kauhale. E like me ia, i ke aupuni i kauoha aku ia e ka Mokuna hoʻololi mai liʻiliʻi-unahiʻole, i ka mahiʻai i ka holomua mahi, kau ma luna o ka like manawa.

Ua i haawi nui manaʻo nā hoailona (ka hapanui ua höʻike pü), a hōʻike i ke collectivization mai'ō a'ō i lawe mai tangible aneiai pomaikai. Mai ia lā Manaʻo Luna Hoʻoponopono i piha loa Soviet nūpepa me ka hoolea ana i ke "i ka eo uuku ae la mai o collectivization."

Ke naoh o ka mahiʻai, e koi collectivization

Ke maoli kiʻi Ua radically okoa mai ka mea i ho'āʻo i ka hōʻikeʻike propaganda nā loko. Forcible wehe 'ana o ka hua liilii, mai ko na kauwa, me he ākea ka hopu' ana a me ka luku ana o aina, ma ka mea, ua komo 'o' ke aupuni i loko o ka hou kivila kaua. I ka manawa ia Stalin olelo mai e pili ana i ka lanakila o ka Socialist? Aeiino? Oeoey o ke kulanakauhale, ma na wahi he nui o ka aina pōhaku, kua'āinaʻo Libena, ma ka pau ana o 1929 ma ka haneri.

I ka Ia manawa, i ka maoli? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka mahiʻai huahana, kue i na olelo i ma ka aoao alakaʻi 'aʻole e mahuahua, a me ka haule catastrophically. Kēia i aie i ka mea i na mahiʻai, no ka makau i ka heluʻia me ka puupuu lima,ʻaʻole makemake i ka hāʻawi aku i kona waiwai i ka mahiʻai, ka noonoo e hoemiia meakanu, a pepehi iho la lakou holoholona. Ke'ī mai, me ka piha collectivization - He kuhikuhi i ke ola kaʻina, hoomalau mai ma ka hapanui o nā kua'āina e noho ana, akā, waiho i loko o ka hana pono i nā kiʻina hana o ka hoʻomalu coercion.

Hoao mai ana e oia i ke kaʻina hana

A laila, i loko o November 1929, ka mea i hooholoia io? I ke kaʻina hoomaka ka kūkuluʻana mahiʻai, e hoouna aku i loko o ke kauhale o ka 25 tausani. Ka loa manao a me ka hana e hana ana ma laila, e alakaʻi hana e like aina. Kēia Episode hele aku la i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke aupuni e like me ka holoʻana o "He iwakalua-Five-Thousander". A laila, i ka wa a ka collectivization i kekahi ahiahiʻOi aʻe laulā, ua hoonuiia ka helu o hoʻokiwikā elele aneane ekolu-pa.

An hou impetus i ke kaʻina hana o ka socialization o ka aina i haawiia mai ai i ka olelo hooholo o ka Komite Central o ka CPSU (b) ma luna o January 5, 1930. Ua hoʻomōakaaka He mau 'manawa kapiliia ma i collectivization i ia e paʻa i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE arable mau mea o ka aina. Ke kauoha prescribes hope loa hoolilo ia lakou i ka like ano o ka hooponopono ana ma ka haule ana o ka 1932.

I loko nō o ka categorical olelo hooholo, i loko o ka mea, e like me ma mua, i ole haawi aku i kekahi mau 'hoakaka o na kiʻina hana pū i ka like aina o ke kua'āina nā paʻi hua, a hiki i ka kūlike loa ka wehewehena no nā mea i loko o ka hope ua ia e he like aina. E like me ka hopena, kēlā kūloko poo o alakaʻi ma kona manaʻo iho e pili ana i keia, aole loa ike mua, i ke ano o ka hui ana o ka hana a me ke ola.

Ke arbitrariness o kūloko Aupuni

Kēia moku'āina o ka mea i alakaʻi i ka manawa lehulehu o kūloko arbitrariness. Kekahi mau laʻana o Siberia, kahi i nā luna aupuni o kahi o ka like aina hoomaka ae la e ho okumu i kekahi kamaʻilio me socialization ole wale holoholona, e kakau mai a me arable'āina, akā, ma luna o ka holoʻokoʻa waiwai, a me kino i pili.

I ka Ia manawa, i nā luna, hoʻokūkū ana i kekahi i kekahi, e kū ai i ka lani kiekie loa pakeneka collectivization, i ole kānalua i ka hoʻohana brutal repressive ana e ku ei ka poe i ho'āʻo i kona palekana mai komo i loko o ka ka pukaʻana kaʻina. Ua kauoha ae la i ka hou Naita o ka eha ma ka naau i loko o nā hana i ke ano o ke kipi.

Pololi, a ua lilo ia i kekahi no o ka hou agrarian kulekele

Aka hoi, kēlā kanaka keia wahi i loaa i kekahi mau 'kumumanao no ka ohi ana i mahiʻai huahana manao no na wahi lulu kuai, a no ka mea hoʻolilo, no ka hoʻokōʻia o ka a i nā luna aupuni, he mau kino kuleana. Ua ike like me ka hōʻike o ka sabotage kēlā pōkole hānau, a hiki i lono kaumaha hopena.

No keia mea, i ke kulana i hoʻomohala ma i na poo o ka apana, makau o ke kuleana, i puʻe wale mahiʻai, e haawi no i ka moku'āina a pau i loaʻa like o ka hua liilii, a me ka hua dala. ʻO ia ke kumu hoʻohālike i malama ma ka holoholona mahinaai, kahi māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana i hoouna mai ai e pepehi i ka holoholona a pau? Aneii. Ua huiʻia ma ka ka manaʻo pohihihi a me ka lōʻihi incompetence o hoɃoponopono i luna, hele mai ka hapa nui o ia a hiki i ke kauhale ma ka aoao o ka leo kahea, a i ka hāʻuleʻana o ka mahiai.

E like me ka hopena, lawe mai i loko o ia ke alanui i ka piha collectivization o ka mahiai i alakaʻi i ka hoʻohuikau 'ia ma ka ai lako hou i ka kulanakauhale, a ma na kauhale - i he ākea ka wi. No kŘpuna wa hooilo ia 1932 a me ka pūnāwai 1933. I ka Ia manawa, hoʻowahāwahā i ke ahuwale miscalculations hooponopono, na Aupuni hewa ia ma luna o nā mea, ke ahaʻia i loko o kekahi poʻeʻenemi imi e keakea mai i ke kūpono 'ana o ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni.

Hoʻopau o ka maikaʻi loa o ka peasantry

A nui kūlana ma ka maoli ole o ke kulekele hahai hoʻokani i ka hoʻopau o ka ai-i kapaia papa o kulaks - waiwai mahiʻai, ka poe i hiki ke hana i kekahi ikaika wā o ka hoʻokele waiwai NEP, a paka i ka nui loa o nā mea a pau mahiʻai huahana. Maoli ai, no ka mea, i ole e ano e hui i ka like a me ka naau mai hōʻole loaa ma kā lākou mau hana waiwai.

No keia hana, aole ia e pono i loko o ka nohona ma manaʻo o ka resettlement o ke kua'āina ola, a me ka mea e, i ka manao o ka aoao alakaʻi o ke aupuni, e komo i loko o like ilihune a me ka waena kauwa, kāpena ma luna o lākou hoʻopau.

Koke mai la ka mea e like kauoha ma luna o ke kumu o ka a ka kulak aina i liquidated, i ka waiwai a pau i hooholoia i loko o ka ona o ka like aina, a me ka mea, e limanui hoʻokuke akula i loko o ka Hōʻole akula 'Ākau, a me kaʻAʻole loa East. Ke'ī mai, me ka piha collectivization i loko o ka ohi-ulu wahi o ka USSR i wahi i loko o ka lewa o ka huina weliweli ma luna o ka loa holomua poeikohoia o ka peasantry aha ke kumu hanaʻia o ka aina.

A laila, he helu o ana ia i ka lanakila i ka na kulana, ia ma ka mahele, e normalize i ke kahua ma na kauhale, a me noticeably hoʻonui mahiʻai? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Ua hoʻohana 'Stalin i ka Plenum o ka Party, e paa ana ia i loko o January 1933, e hai aku piha ka lanakila o Socialist ana i loko o ka like kaiaulu. Ua Ua manaoio ia ma luna o kēia paa collectivization o ka mahiai i pau.

He aha hope huli collectivization?

Eloquently hoike mai i ka mea ana helu huahelu hookuu i loko o nā makahiki o perestroika. Ka mea, ku a me ka mea a pau, aolie ia e kāpili. O kēia mau mea, ka mea, ua ike ia ka piha collectivization o ka mahiai i pau e hahai i ka neʻeʻana: no ka mea, i kona manawa i deported oi ma mua o 2 miliona mahiʻai, a me ka piko o kēia kaʻina hoike no 1930-1931. ia malalo ia mea, hoʻoikaika ihola pohupani hale o aneane 1 miliona 800 tausani. mau kama'āina. Ka mea, ua i kona mau puupuu lima, akā, no kekahi kumu paha kekahi i hewa ia i kona mau aina ponoi,. Eia hou, nā mōhai o ka pololi 6 miliona kanaka e noho ana ma na kauhale.

I haiia ae maluna,, i ke kulekele o ke koi collectivization o ka aina i alakaʻi i ka nuipa a kue i waena o nā kama'āina. E like me nāʻikepili malamaia ma ka palapala o ka GPU, wale ma March 1930, ua ma kahi o 6500 uprisings, a me 800, e uhi i ka mana o kēia mau lako kaua i hoʻohana.

Ma mau, ka mea, ua ike ia i loko o ka makahiki ma ka aina i hoʻopaʻa 'ia ma 14 tausani. Folk hana ana, i i mālamaʻia ma kahi o 2 miliona mahiʻai. Ma keia manao, ua pinepine lohe i ka manao i ke kaula i kēia ala collectivization hiki ke equated i ka genocide o ko lākou mau kanaka.