Dzhozef Pristli - naturalist, poe akeakamai, chemist. Kawaihae puka

Ua kapaʻia ia i ke alii o ka kilo. Dzhozef Pristli i koe i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka mea kākau o nā paepae discoveries ma ke kemika o kinoea, a me ka kumumanaʻo o ka uila. He ua he theosophist a me ke kahuna, ka mea i kapaia o "pono heretic."

Priestley - ka 'imi naʻauao nui o ka lua o ka waenakonu o ka XVIII kenekulia, ua haʻalele kona hoailona ma akeakamai a me ka philology, a oi - ia o ka inventor o ke soda ka wai a me ka eraser e holoiia penikala laina mai ka pepa.

i kakahiaka nui makahiki

Ka makahiapo o ka eono keiki a makeʻe kulanaʻohana draper, Dzhozef Pristli i hānau i loko o ke kupulau o 1733 ma ka liʻiliʻi kauhale kokoke i Leeds Filskhed. Noho pilikia ana nei o ka wā kamaliʻi, puʻe wale akula kēlā na makua e hoouna aku la o Iosepa i ka ohana o kona makuahine, ka mea i hoʻoholo e hoomakaukau ai no ka 'oihana keiki Anglican kahuna. Kali aku la ia ia i ka ikaika upbringing, a me ka hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi i loko o nā humanities a me ka theology.

Kakahiaka nui i ka hoike ana o ka hiki a me ka molowa ole ia Priestley ana hoʻopau kiʻekiʻe kula Batley, ma kahi he mea manawa he kumu i loko o kona inoa, a me ka Theological Academy ma Daventry. He hele i ka papa o maoli sciences a me kemika ma ke Kulanui o Warrington, a ua paipaiʻia iā ia e hoʻolālā i ka hale keʻena hoʻokolohua, a hoʻomaka i kūʻokoʻaʻepekema ho okolohua.

Nä känaka 'epekema-kahuna

I ka 1755, Dzhozef Pristli lilo Hope kahu hipa, akā, i kauoha aku hoʻolaʻa i ka 1762. Ua ua he kauwa hana o ka ekalesia. Ua pono hoʻonaʻauao, e ike ana 9 ola a me ka make 'ōlelo, ʻo ia ma 1761, palapala iho la i ka puke "paʻa o English Grammar." Kēia hōʻike aʻo i ua pili iloko o ka aʻe hapalua kenekulia.

Me ka olelo mākau naau, Dzhozef Pristli hoʻokumuʻia kā lākou mau haipule hilinaʻi, Kaniak ike lea i na hana o ke alakai poe akeakamai a me theologians. E like me ka hopena, oia hele 'ana aku, mai ka tenets i hooeueu ae la ia ia i loko o kaʻohana ma ka hanau ana. He Ua hele mai Calvinism i Arianism, a laila, e hiki hou rationalistic kahawai - Unitarianism.

I loko nō o ka stuttering, i hele mai i ona lā ma hope o ka noho 'ana kamaliʻi maʻi, Priestley ua mumulu mai hai olelo a me ka mea i ao ai, Introduction iā Beniamina Franklin - ka poʻokelaʻepekema o ka manawa - ua hehi i kino Dzhozefa Pristli' epekema.

Ike maopopo i loko o ke kula o ka uila

Home Research no ka Franklin i ke kālaikūlohea. Uila mea o ka nui hoihoi au U Pristli, a ma ke aʻo ana o kekahi o ka wā e hiki mai US hoʻokumu poe kupuna i ka 1767, ua paʻi i ka hana "History a me ka makana moku'āina o ka uila." Ma ka mea, i kekahi mau pono kīvila kanaka discoveries, i lawe mai i ka mea kākau i kekahi punawai-hewaʻiʻo kaulana i loko o nā pōʻai o Pelekāne a me Europa,ʻepekema i laila e höʻike.

Uila conductivity o graphite, Priestley loaaʻi a laila loaa nui mea hiki nui. Pure kalapona Ua lilo i ke keʻena o na pou manaʻo. Priestley ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka hana ana o electrostatics, i loko o ka mea ana i manao ai, aʻo Kīwala'ō aiee o ka pou' ole a me ka Newtonian umekaumaha koa. Kāheaʻia kā lākou mea mahuʻi o ke kānāwai "inverse huinahalike" a laila lewa i loko o ke kānāwai kahua o ka kumumanaʻo o ka uila - Coulomb ka kānāwai.

o carbon dioxide

Ke kālaikūlohea, uila, conductance, e kauoha aku AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN - ole wale 'epekema pono Priestley. He loaʻa i ke kanaka no ka hoʻopaʻa i loko o ka loa unexpected wahi. Ke hana i alakai aku ai i ka loaʻa o ke kalapona'okikene lua, i ee aku i kona kilo o ke ano hana.

I ka 1772, Priestley hukihuki lakou i ka nānā i ka waiwai o ke kinoea i ua hana i fermentation o wort. Ka mea, ua o carbon dioxide. Priestley Ua ulu ke ano o ka hana kinoea i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, aʻu i loaaʻi ia mea, ua kaumaha ia ma mua o ka ea ole, hiki ole i ka puhi a me ka mea i aloha wailana i loko o ka wai, e haawi ana ia i ka hana,ʻoluʻoluʻoʻaiʻana.

kāʻamaʻai

Hoomau ana ho okolohua me ke kalapona'okikene lua, Priestley i ka hoao ana, a hoomaka ae la me ka mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o ke kahua a hiki i ke ola ana o ke ola ma keia Honuaʻike manaʻo - kāʻamaʻai. E kau i ke aniani ipu o ka omaomao mea kanu omaka ae, oia kuni i ke kukui a me ka hoʻopiha i ka ipu me ka o carbon dioxide. Ma hope o ka manawa, aole ia i waiho i nāʻiole ola a me ka ho'āʻo e kuni i ke ahi. Animals hoomau i ola, a me ka aa ana hoʻomau.

Priestley lilo ka mua kanaka e mālama kāʻamaʻai. E wehewehe i ka helehelena o ka paʻa kinoea ipu hiki ia o ka malama ana a me ka hanu'ā ke kanu wale nō hiki i ka hoʻokemu o carbon dioxide, a hoʻokuʻu hou, ke ola-ka haawi waiwai. Ka mana hualoaʻa i ke kumu no ka hanau ana o ka wā e hiki mai global physical theories, a me ke kānāwai o ka mālama o ka ikehu. Akā, i ka mua haʻina o ka nä känaka 'epekema a pau ma ka laina me ka laila,' epekema.

Dzhozef Pristli wehewehe kāʻamaʻai i hua'ōlelo o ka phlogiston kumumanaʻo. Kona mea kākau - Georg Ernst Stahl -ʻana i ke alo o flammable waiwai i hoakaka ia waiwai - weightless fluids - phlogistic, a me ka'ā kaʻina mea disintegration hope paha i loko o kona constituent eiiiiiaiou a me omo o phlogistic ea. Priestley ua he poʻe kākoʻo iā ia no kēia kumumanaʻo a ma hope i kona mau mea nui wale loaʻa - anao? Aou ka oxygen.

A nui Kaka

He nui ho okolohua Dzhozefa Pristli alakai aku i nā hualoaʻa i i maikaʻi wehewehe e nā kānakaʻepekema. He papahana i kekahi mea ma ka kinoea hua mai la i kaawale mai ka lewa mai ma ka wai a me ka 'ē aʻe denser loli - Hereme. E like me ka hopena, oia ua hiki ia kaʻawale volatiles, i mua ia ka pono i loko o ka wai.

Ka mua hou kinoea loaa Priestley ua nitrous'okesaside. He loaʻa i ka hana hopena ma luna o kona poʻe kānaka, no ke aha la ua ka hana inoa -ʻakaʻaka kinoea. Hope ka mea i hoʻohana me heʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau anesthetic.

I ka 1774, o ka waiwai ma hope hōʻike 'like Hereme'okesaside, i nā kānakaʻepekema pomaikai ae la lakou i ka kaʻawale ke kinoea i loko i ke kukui, hoomaka ae la e kuni i ka mea surprisingly huali ia. He kapa ia dephlogisticated ea. Priestley ana manaoio ana i ke ano o ka'ā, a hiki i ka wā Antuan Lavuaze hoao iho la ia i ka weheʻana o Dzhozefa Pristli - i ka waiwai me na mea nui no ka pono kaʻina ola waiwai. New kinoea i ka inoa o ka oxygen.

Kemika a me ka Life

I carbon dioxide, nitrous'okesaside, oxygen - hoʻokolokolo 'ana i kēia mau kinoea i hoakakaia Priestley ma ka moʻolelo kemika. Hoomaopopo ana i ka haku mele 'ana o nā kinoea komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka kāʻamaʻai - na makana nä känaka' epekema ma ka kālaimeaola. Ho okolohua me ka uila 'āhewa' ana, ke ammonia decomposition kiʻina hana ka hoʻohana uila, optics hana nä känaka 'epekema loaa credibility i waena o physicists.

Ke Kaka, i ka Priestley April 15, 1770, 'aʻole i loaʻa ia he kumu waiwai. Ka mea, ua kōkua ai i nā na ola o na hanauna he nui o schoolchildren a me ka oihana hana. hoomaka iho la e komo ai ka moʻolelo a me ka mea i Priestley loaa ana i kekahi'āpana o ke laholio, mai Inia ka punawai erases pepa penikala laina. No laila, ua he laholio - mea a mākou i kapaʻia he eraser.

Philosophical a me ka hoʻomana & okua ia ka oko ao Priestley kuokoa e ua hoʻolimalima iā ia i ka inoa maikaʻi o ke kipi thinker. Priestley puke "History o Kristiano palaho" (1782), a hōʻike i ko lākou kākoʻo no ka Hope ma Farani a me Amerika i mea hoʻowela hou i waena o ka loa ardent o ka Beritania Conservatives.

A hiki ia i kaulana i ka 1791 me ka e like-manaʻo lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka hoʻopio o ka Bastille, wahie e hai Mob luku Priestley ka hale a me ka keʻena hoʻokolohua ma Paminahama. Ekolu makahiki ma hope, ua haʻakoiʻia e emigrate i ka US, ma kahi a ma ka 1804 i pau ai i kona mau lā.

nui anal

Haipule, ka nohona a me ka pili aupuni aayoaeuiinoe Priestley - he nui na makana i ka 'imi naʻauao' ana o 'Eulopa, Amerika a me ke ao nei. Materialist a me ka staunch hoa paio o ka hainā, oia 'Imi ho'ākāka akula ia me ka loa kuokoa manaʻo o ke au.

Kēia kanaka he nui noʻonoʻo i ka dilettante, kńnaka kapa ia, aole ia e kiʻi i ka papa a me ka piha 'epekema ka hoʻonaʻauao, Priestley Ua hewa ia no ka mea i kona hiki ole loa ana e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka nui o na discoveries i ana ia ia.

Akā, ma nā hanauna o Dzhozef Pristli. Kona Kawaihae - he ao alohilohi i 'aoʻao i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke ao nei. 'O kēia ke ola o ka poʻokela haumāna, hai hoomaopopoia loa e holumua ai manaʻo, honorary lâlâ' o nā mea a pau i ke alakaʻi o akeakamai ahahui 'imi naʻauao a' Eulopa, a me ka honua -ʻepekema, ka poe i hana i ka nui na makana no ka hooulu ana o ke kumu o maoli 'epekema theories.