He aha ke'ano o ke kinona? Nā hi'ohi'ona o nā palekana ma'alahi a pa'akikī

No ka no'ono'o i ka nui o nā protein, ua lawa ia e ho'omana'o i ka hua'ōlelo kaulana a Friedrich Engels: "He ola ke ola o nā kino pilikino." 'O ka'oia'i'o, ma ka Honua kēia mau mea me nā mea nucleic e ho'ohālikelike i nā hō'ike a pau o nā mea ola. Ma loko o kēia pepa, e'ike mākou i ke'ano o ka pilina, e no'ono'o mākou i ka hana o ia hana, a pēlā mākou e ho'oholo i nā hi'ohi'ona o ke'ano o nā'ano like'ole.

Peptides - nā polymers i ho'onohonoho pono'ia

'Oi, i loko o ka cell ola, nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona, nā kinakona ke po'okela ma luna o nā mea lā'au'ē a'e, a ke hana nei ho'i i ka helu nui loa o nā'ano'ano like'ole. Ke komo nei lākou i nā'ano pūnaewele pūnaewele'ano nui, e like me ka ne'e'ana, pale, hō'ailona, a pēlā aku. Eia kekahi la'ana, i loko o nā'i'o o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka, pepides ā hiki i ka 85% o ka mea malo'o, a ma ka iwi a me nā ki'i, mai 15-50%.

A pau ke kelepona hele, a'aʻaʻa nā polokina i haku o 'amino nāʻakika (20 ʻAno). 'O kā lākou helu i nā meaola ola he iwakālua mau'ano. 'O nā hui pū'ulu o nā peptide monomers e hana i nā'ano protein i ke'ano. Ua Ua oaeuiinoe ka Astronomical helu o 2x10 ¹⁸ hiki? Ueo. I ka biochemistry, ua kapa'ia nā polypeptides he polymers biological ki'eki'e, macromolecules.

'Amino acids - nā monomers o nā protein

A pau 20 'ano o kēia mau Nine Inch i huiʻia nā nā polokina, a mall naehana i ka mau haʻilula NH ₂ -R-COOH. 'O lākou'o amphoteric nā mea lā'au e hiki ai ke hō'ike i nā mea pono a me nā mea'ona. 'A'ole wale nā māmā pa'akikī, akā he mau mea ko'iko'i paha, nā mea i kapa'ia he'ano amino acids'ole. Akā, no ka nui monomers, e like me valine, lysine, hiki ke loaʻa methionine wale nō i loko o kekahi mau 'ano o ka belkov.Takie nā polokina haawiia i like kiʻekiʻe-papa.

No laila, no ka'ike'ana i ka polymer,'a'ole i ka nui wale o nā amino a me ke kinona, akā ua pili pū nā monomers e nā peptide bond i ka macromolecule. Pākuʻi i nonessential'amino nāʻakika e like me asparagine, glutamicʻakika, cysteine i ke kū kaʻawale synthesized ma keena o kanaka a me ka holoholona. Ho'okumu'ia nā monomerine monetere'ole i loko o nā kinipona o nā hua bacteria, nā mea kanu a me nā ha'iki. Ho'omo'a lākou i nā'ōnaehana hō'ailona me ka mea'ai.

Pehea i hana'ia ai ka polypeptide

E like me kou'ike, hiki i ka 20 amino acids'ē a'e ke ho'ohui'ia i nā'ōmene kinipona like'ole. Pehea e pa'a ai ka pa'a'ana o nā monomers i waena o lākou iho? Ke ho'ololi nei i ka hui'ana o nā carboxyl a me nā amine o kekahi mau amino amino wahahe'e me kekahi i kekahi. Ho'okumu'ia nā pae peptide i kapa'ia, a ua ho'oku'u'ia nā mole wai ma ke'ano huahana o ka'āpana polycondensation. 'O nā'ōmene'eneka i ho'okumu'ia nā'ōpili amino a me nā mau peptide e hana mau hou ana. No laila, ua kapa'ia lākou he polypeptides.

I ka manawa pinepine,'a'ole hiki i nā protein ke ho'okahi wale nō mau'āpana polypeptide a me nā mano he nui o nā koena amino acid. Eia kekahi, nā palekana ma'alahi, a me nā palekana, hiki iā ia ke ho'opili i ko lākou ho'onohonoho kūpono. 'A'ole kēia he kumu mua, akā, he'oihana ki'eki'e, tertiary a me quaternary. E no'ono'o kākou e pili ana i kēia ka'ina hana. Ke ho'omau nei e a'o i ka nīnau: he aha ke'ano o ka protein, pehea ke'ano o kēia macromolecule. Ua ho'onohonoho mākou ma luna a'e nei o ka kaula polypeptide kahi i loa'a kahi mau makika pa'a pa'a. 'O kēia ka hale i kapa'ia'o ka mua.

He mea ko'iko'i ia i ka ho'ohālikelike'ana a me ka'ike'ana o nā wai amino, a me ke ka'ina o ko lākou pili'ana. Ho'okumu'ia ka papahana lua i ka manawa o ka ho'okumu'ia'ana o ka'ōpala. Ho'okūpa'a'ia e nā'ōpuni waihā hou e puka hou ana.

'O ka'oihana ki'eki'e o ka'oihana protein

Ke hō'ike'ia ka papahana kula ma muli o ka hō'ailona'ana i ka li'ili'i i ke'ano o ka panelika, e like me ke'ano,'o ka myoglobin pūmua momona ka mea like'ole. Ho'omaopopo'ia e nā'oko'a hydrogen hou i ho'ohui'ia a me nā alahaka disulfide (inā he nui nā koena o ke kinona e komo i ka mole molikō). 'O ka hopena kūhāhā ka hopena o ka ho'ohui'ana i nā pūpuni kalapona i loko o kahi hale i ka manawa ho'okahi ma o nā'ano like'ole like'ole, e like paha, hydrophobic a electrostatic. Me nā peptides, komo pū kekahi mau'āpana kinikini i ka hale quaternary. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i nā konona o ka magnesium, ka hao, ke keleawe, a me nā koena o ka spell orphosphate, a me ka lipids.

Nā'ano o ka pulupili pūmua

Ma mua, ua'ike mākou i ke'ano o ka pilina. Hana'ia ia mai ka hui o nā amino acids. 'O kā lākou hui'ana i kahi kaula polypeptide e puka mai i ka ribosomes - nā'ano non membrane o nā mea kanu a holoholona. Ho'okomo pū nā molecules o ka'ike a me ka lawe'ana i ka RNA i ke'ano o ka no'ono'o. 'O ka mua,'o ia ke'ano o ka hui pūmua, a'o ka lua o ka lawe'ana i nā'ano amino acids. Ma ke ka'ina o ka pulupili pūnaewele, hiki mai kahi hihia,'o ia ho'i, ke ho'omau'ia ka protein i nā nucleotides a i'ole nā amino acids? 'O ka pane i ma'alahi'ole - polypeptides, ma ka ma'alahi a me ka pa'akikī,'o ia ho'i nā pūpona'enehana amphoteric - amino acids. Ma ke ola kalapona o keena , he mau manawa o kona ha awina ka wā i ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala i hoonoho pakahi aku la ia hana. 'O kēia nā'ano i kapa'ia'o J1 a me J2 o ka interphase. I kēia manawa, e ulu ikaika ana ka pūpū a makemake i ka nui o ke kūkulu hale,'o ia ka pilina. Eia kekahi, i ka hopena o ka mitosis, i pau i ke kūkulu'ia'ana o nā pūnaewele'elua kaikamahine, pono lākou a pau i ka nui o nā mea lā'au, no laila ua hui pū'ia nā kaha hana o lipids a me nā'ōpelu i nā kaha o ke reticulum slopopole mīkini, a me ka pulupili pūmua i ka EPS nui.

Nā hana o nā protein

'O ka'ike i ke'ano o ka pilikino, hiki i kekahi ke wehewehe i nā'ano nui o ko lākou'ano a me nā kūlana kūikawā i loko o kēia mau mea. Hana'ia nā'ano pā'ani i nā'ano hana like'ole i loko o ke kele, e like me ke'ano o ka hana'ana, no ka mea, he mau māhele lākou o nā pūnaewele a pau a me nā ho'owaiwaena: mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, complex Golgi, a pēlā aku. 'O kēlā mau peptides e like me ka gamoglobulins ai'ole nā'e'eku'e he mau hō'ailona o nā mea ho'omalu pono e hana i kahi hana ho'omalu. I kekahi'ōlelo'ē a'e,'o ka immunity pūnaewele ka hopena o ka hana o kēia mau mea. 'O ka protein protein - hemocyanin, me ka hemoglobin, hana i nā holoholona i ka halihali halihali,'o ia ho'i, ke lawe'ia ka oxygen i loko o ke koko. 'O nā mea ho'omalu hō'ailona,'o ia ho'i kekahi o nā membrane pa'akikī, e hā'awi i ka'ike i ke kele e pili ana i nā mea e ho'ā'o ai e komo i loko o kāna cytoplasm. 'O ka peinalide peptide ke kuleana no nā ho'ohālike o ke koko, no ka mea, no kona hiki ke kāwili. Ho'opili'ia ka pa'i o nā hua moa'ovalbumin i loko o ka hale mālama a lawelawe'ia e like me ke kumu nui o nā mea'ai.

'O nā kinona ke kumu o ke cytoskeleton cell

'O kekahi o nā hana nui o ka peptides ka mea kāko'o. He mea nui i ka mālama'ana i ke'ano a me ka nui o nā pūnaewele ola. 'O nā mea i kapa'ia i nā'ano membrane-membrane - microtubules a me nā micro-filaments ke kāwili'ana e ho'okumu i ka pūpū i loko o ka pūnaewele. 'O nā māmā i hana i kā lākou hana'ana, e like me ke'ano, tubulin, hiki ke'ae a palekana. Hiki ke kōkua i ka pūnaewele e ho'omau i kona'ano ma lalo o nā'eneke mechanical.

I loko o nā pūla'au kanu, me nā protein o ka hyaloplasm, nā puke cytoplasmic - plasmodesmas ho'i e halihali i kahi hana kāko'o. Ke hele nei ma waena o nā pores ma ka paia o ka hale pa'ahao, hana lākou i ka pilina ma waena o kahi o nā hale pūnaewele wahahe'e i kūkulu i nā mea kanu.

'O nā enzymes nā mea pili i ka pilina

'O kekahi o nā'ano ko'iko'i o nā proteins,'o ia ka hopena ma ka lihi o nā hopena. 'O nā mea ho'omalu nui e hiki ke ho'oka'awale i ke'ano - ka hana o ka ho'one'e'ana i ka macromolecule ma ke kula ki'eki'e a i'ole ka quaternary. 'A'ole hiki i ka'āpana polypeptide e ho'ohiolo. Hapa denaturation underlies nā ka hōʻailona, a me ka catalytic hana o ke kumuʻiʻo. 'O ka waiwai hope loa ka hiki'ana o nā enzymes e ho'onāuki i ka nui o nā hopena o ka biochemical i ka pūpū a me ka cytoplasm o ka pūnaewele. 'O ka peptides,'o ka mea, ma ke'ano he emi, ho'onui'ia ka wikiwiki o nā hana hana kino i kapa'ole'ia he mau mea hō'ailona, akā he mau enzymes. 'O kekahi la'ana, he kīpona catalase māmā kahi enzyme e ho'onui i ka pale o ka mea'ona o ka hydrogen peroxide. Ua hana'ia'o ia ka hua hope o ka nui o nā hopena. Ho'olahalaha'o Catalase i kona ho'ohana'ana i nā mea'awa'awa: ka wai a me ka oxygen.

Nā māla mālama

Ho'onohonoho'ia nā peptides e nā'ano hi'ohi'ona. Ke la'ana, i pili i ka wai, hiki iā lākou ke māhele'ia i hydrophilic a hydrophobic. E pili ana ho'i ka pale a me ka waiwai o nā molecule protein i nā'ano like'ole. Eia kekahi la'ana, keratin protein - kahi o nā kui a me ka lauoho hiki ke pale i nā mahana ha'aha'a a me ke ki'eki'e,'o ia ho'i,'o ia ka thermobile. Akā'o ka ovalbumin pūmua, i'ōlelo mua'ia ma mua, i ka wā i ho'onā'ia ai ka 80-100 ° C. 'O ke'ano, ua ho'oka'awale'ia kona'ano kumu i nā koena amino acid. Ua kapa'ia kēia hana'o ka luku. 'O nā mea a mākou e hana ai,'a'ole e hiki i ke kōpili ke ho'i i ka'ōmole maoli. Aia nā kinalā'au mīkini - actin a me ka milosin i loko o nā uala muscle. 'O ko lākou kū'oko'a a me ka ho'omaha'ana, aia ma ka pu'uwai o ka hana o ke kino.