He aha mea heʻili lahilahi? Ke 'ole a me ka hana ana o membranes

He aha mea heʻili lahilahi? Kēia manaʻo ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kekahi mau spheres o ke ola a me ka sciences. A ma kela a me keia o ia mau mea, e loaʻa he okoa manaʻo. Akā, i kekahi aoao a me kekahi, o ka hana ana o keia makahiki ua pili i ke ano o ka olelo. I unuhi 'ia mai ka "ʻili lahilahi" Roma - heʻili lahilahi.

Kula Kaiapuni 'o ke ano o ka manaʻo

I kēia manawa, i ka manaʻo o ka 'ike loea hou a me ka hana' enekinia, ia ia e kamailio ana i ka lahilahi Auana a me ka una honua paa ma luna o ke kaapuni like microphones a puʻe hoʻokolo.

Ma kālaimeaola, heʻili lahilahi i manaoia laholio hakakino 'ole makana i loko o na halepaahao a me ka hoʻomalu mai? Aneie ololi hana o ke kaiapuni. Ka mea, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka pono o ke keena, a ua komo i loko o metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka mea o waho honua.

Nana e hoole osmosisʻili lahilahi

Kekahi o na nā hana o ka aʻe osmosis Module, a ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Kēia 'ole He He Tube ka i lalo, a me ka poʻi. Loko mai o keia Tube, a ua loaa pono ke hoʻololi osmosisʻili lahilahi, i ke alo o ka i hoʻolako ka ultrapure wai hookuuia mai ka kela bacteriological mea hoʻohaumia, a liluwelo hoʻokomo kālā. wai, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻano papa hana ua muli ma minimizing ka make kahua, ma i koʻohune i loaa.

Mau modules Ua ua hoʻomano hoʻohana ma ka oihana lapaau, a no e oi kūlike loa, ka mea, i no ka hemodialysis me ka ultrapure wai lako a pan.

ʻili lahilahi accumulators a? Anoe? Poʻina nalu. lākou mau hope

Accumulators a? Anoe? Poʻina nalu - mea maalea, e hiki i hoʻohana e compensate no ka loa puʻe (noi) i loko o ka hahana maoli nō kēia kūlana kiʻekiʻe.

He aha ka kaʻili lahilahi i loko o keia hihia? Kēia hehee ai i ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena o kēia 'ano o ka noonoo o kanaka. Ka mea, e loli ai i ka hana ana ka hoʻokōʻana a me ka pono o ka holoʻokoʻa nenoaiu. Ke kinona o kaʻili lahilahi ke oko a. He ka diaphragm, poepoe a me ka hoʻonui. Inā he nui ka leo pahu, alaila, i ka hope o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia pono lālā ua hookomoia, kahi mea i puka no ka venting ea. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka kahua o ka i ana o ka mea ua koho mea no ka hana o kaʻili lahilahi. No ka laʻana, ma ke anoe poʻina nalu o ka paio hahana maoli nō'ōnaehana i ka papa kuhikuhiE ana mea thermal ia'ku a me ka mea paʻaʻilikai. Ma ka hihia o ka wai huihui lako koho ka wā o kaʻili lahilahi i nā puke e alakaʻiʻia e ka ana o ka hōʻeuʻeu elasticity.

Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole nō he mea i hiki ke kapa paʻa. No laila, ka mea, o ka pono kīvila ua kekahi o ka mea nui keia no ka lōʻihi-makahiki ana o ka noonoo maalea, a me kona efficient hana. Ma ka hapanui o na hihia, ka papa ua i ka maoli laholio, he kemikala butyl laholio a EPR.

Hope ua hooko ma ka detaching i kaʻili lahilahi accumulator a? Anoe? Moku, mai ke kahua. Mua hoʻokaʻawale i nā nā kui nao e malama i ka mea kākoʻo, a me ka hale noho. Ma kekahi mau huahelu, he mea no ka fixture i loko o ka nipple wahi. Ma hope o kona hoʻopau o kaʻili lahilahi hiki ke hoopuni wehe. Ma ka lawelaweʻana aʻe 'ana mea e pono ke waiho i ka houʻili lahilahi.

polymeric membranes

Ka manaʻo o "pīlaliʻili lahilahi" ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kekahi mau hihia. Mua, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia ka wā e kamailio e pili ana i kekahi o ka loa kēia a me ka nui i ka olelo o ka practicality o roofing mea. Oiaʻano membranes ua hanaʻia ma ka extrusion noi iaoia hoomaopopo ana i ka wa e kaawale aku o voids i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka hoʻopau' ana i mea. Nā pono o ka pīlali huahana hiki ke wahi loa ka wai ia'ku, ka ohu permeability, haʻahaʻa ke kaupaonaʻana, mea paʻa, haʻahaʻa flammability,? Aneie maluhia.

Ka manawa "pīlaliʻili lahilahi" ua pinepine hoʻohana 'ia ka wā e hele mai ai i ka poe ua oleloia ma luna o nā papa o nā aʻe osmosis, e like me nā' ano o nā membranes i mai ke aloha polymers. Kēia micro- a me ka ultrafiltration huahana,ʻili lahilahi hoʻohana ma o ka nanofiltration. I ka lanakila o ka polymeric membranes ma kēia pōʻaiapili o ke kiʻekiʻe workability a me ka nuiʻana mai o ka 'ole a me ka waiwai o ka mea. Ua hoʻohana likeʻole uuku o Nine Inch, aʻanoʻenehana manufacturing kaʻina.

Ke aeeaʻili lahilahi. Keena - he pa alima o nā mea a pau e noho ana

Ua Ua lōʻihi, ua ike mea i ke kumu o mall ka mokuna o ka halepaahao no ka meaola ola. Ua ho i ka hapa differentiated o ka cytoplasm, a ua hoʻopuniʻia e ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka evolution, e like me mākou? Anoe na palena o ka functionality, e loaa i ke kohoʻia a me ka maalea, e like me ka mea nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke kino e lawe wahi i loko o ke keena.

Cellʻili lahilahi - ka halepaahao palena i ho i ka aoao maoli ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai ma waena o ka na Contents a me kona kaiapuni. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano hiʻona o kaʻili lahilahi mea semipermeable, i hoʻolako ke kelepona hele uptake o ka ona a me ka mahuaola, a wehe decomposition nā huahana mea. Cellʻili lahilahi - keia mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE mall ke keʻena o ka halepaahao hui.

Historical kūʻiʻo e pili pū ana i ka loaʻa a me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi

I ka makahiki 1925, Grendel a me Gorder ana kukulu i ka ho okolohua e kuhikuhi i ka "aka" o ka ula koko keena. Ka mea, ua ka mea, i loko o ka papa o ka ho okolohua, ka mea mua, e ike i ka lipid bilayer. Mau hope o kā lākou hana Ioana Dawson, Robertson, Nicholson i loko o kekahi mau makahiki i hana i ka mea i hanaia o ka wai-mosaic kumu hoʻohālike o kaʻili lahilahi 'ole. Eia hoi ka mea i hanaia Singsheru i loko o ka makahiki 1972.

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi

• Kaawale ana o ka mea na Contents o ka halepaahao, mai ka mea mawaho kaiapuni eiiiiiaiou.
• Kōkua i ka malama ana o ka kūpaʻa o ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana i loko o ka halepaahao.
• Rula hooponopono o ka metabolic kaulike.
• Ka pilina ma waena o ke keena.
• Alarm kuleana pili i.
• Ke aiiay kuleana pili i.

wai koko wahī

He aha ka kaʻili lahilahi, a ua kapaia ka wai koko wahī? Kēia mawaho aeea pa, a ma kona 'ole mea i ka manaʻoe kūkulu he mānoanoa o 5-7 ultramicroscopic nanomillimetrov. Ua maupaʻa kumuʻiʻo i huiʻia, phospholipids, wai. Ke ho film, i nui laholio, maikai ona mau omo, a hoi mai i ka hiki e loaa kona kokololio māmā ano hoopono.

Wai kokoʻili lahilahi ua wehewehe aku ma ke ao 'ole. Kona mokuna wahi kumu no ke komo pū o loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka e wae permeability i loko o ka derivation o ka halepaahao'ōpala. Interacting me ka kokoke hehee wale, a reliably hoʻopale ai i nā mea mai ka pōʻino, ka pāʻili lahilahi o kekahi o ka loa nui eiiiiiaiou o ka halepaahao 'ole.

Lahilahi, ahu iho, i kekahi manawa uhi ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi o ola meaola kapa glycocalyx. Ua ninoieo o nā polokina, a polysaccharides. Aʻili lahilahi i kanu aeee i malama kūikawā luna pa, a me ka papa kākoʻo i hanaʻia me ka malama i shape. Uaʻano nui oia o ka puluniu - insoluble polysaccharide.

Pela, ua hiki ke manao nei makou, o ka Kora naʻEsau mana i mawaho aeeaʻili lahilahi hoihoi hou ia ana, a me ka hoomalu AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me kokoke keena.

mall hiʻona

He aha mea heʻili lahilahi? Ua hoʻoneʻe iwi, kahi o ka laula o 6-10 nanomillimetrov. Ke kumu o kona 'ole o ka lipid bilayer a me nā polokina. no hoi Carbohydrates i loaʻa i loko o kaʻili lahilahi, akā, e hoike no ka mea e pono ai wale 10% o kaʻili lahilahi ke kaumaha. Akā, ka mea i koi 'ia e ke loaʻa i loko o glycolipids a me glycoproteins.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka lākiō o nā polokina, a lipids, ka mea hiki ke oko a nui. Ua pau hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o ka lole. No ka laʻana, ma ka myelin he ma kahi o 20% kumuʻiʻo, a ma ka mitochondria - ma kahi o 80%. I ka haku mele 'ana o kaʻili lahilahi pono e loli ai kona pa apŘ. Ke kiekie o ka kumuʻiʻo maʻiʻo, ke kiekie o ka pa apŘ o ka iwi.

Keʻano o nā hana o lipids

Kēlā me kēia lipid i ke ano maoli o ka phospholipid, i hanaʻia ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o glycerol a me ka sphingosine. A puni ke kupapau densely hooponopono lipidʻili lahilahi nā polokina akā, ka mea, i ole he ana, ahu iho. Kekahi o ia i bapetizo i loko o ka papa o lipids, oiai kekahi poe makemake e holo ma laila. A me keia mea aie a hiki i ke alo o ka wahi i mea permeable i ka wai.

Ahuwale o ka mea i ka haku mele 'ana o lipids i loko o kekahi mau membranes i ole moʻolelo kaulele, akā, me ka maopopo ho'ākāka no keia kŰia ua i ua loaʻa. Ma kekahi mau iwi ke komo mai i hoʻokahi haneri nāʻano o ka lipid nā lātoma. E noonoo oe i ka kumumea i e loli ai ka manao paa o ka lipid haku mele 'ana o kaʻili lahilahi nā lātoma.

• Mua, ka lipid ukuhiia pono pono i ka hiki i ka lilo i ka pilina paʻa bilayers ma i nā polokina ke kuleana pili i.
• Ka lua, lipids, e kōkua stabilize i ka lahui inoʻili lahilahi Hoʻokaʻaʻike ma waena o membranes paha i ho'ākāka 'ka pū'āʻana a nā polokina.
• Ke kolu, lipids - bioregulators.
• Ha, kekahi lipids i hana aku i komo i loko o ka biosynthesis reactions.

aeeaʻili lahilahi nā polokina

Nā polokina hookauwa mai kekahi mau hana. Kekahi paani i ke kūlana o nā'ūhū a me nā -transportiruyut ka dukima o 'ona, mai ka' ia i loko o ka halepaahao, a Hope versa.

'Ole a me ka hana ana o kaʻili lahilahi i hoonohonoho ia ma ia ke ala i ka integral nā polokina permeate ma ka mea, malama ana i ka pili launa. Akā,ʻike ākea nā polokina e paa ana i kaʻili lahilahi ua ole no hoi i lulumi mai. Lākou kuleana pili i mea e malama i ka 'ole o ka iwi, e loaa a hoohuli lepa, mai ka i hoʻolilo' ia a me ka lawelawe i catalysts no kela reactions.

Haku mele 'ana o kaʻili lahilahi ua poe kuhikuhi bimolecular, ahu iho. Ka mea, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka ka hoʻomauʻana o ka'ākeʻakeʻa mai, a me mechanical waiwai o ka halepaahao. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ke ola 'aʻe' bilayer 'ole ke hana, i nā hualoaʻa ma ka kahua o mall mā ma hydrophilic ili. Ma hope o kēia, hiki loko i na mana o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi.

waiwai o ka iwi

Waiwai o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi ma muli o ia kona fluidity, ma muli o ia i ka mea, aole ia ole i kaʻoʻoleʻa 'ole. Lipids, kona hoa, ke neʻe ka uku ole ia. Kekahi e malama i ka asymmetry o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Kēia mea i ke kumu no ka unuhi ana i ka kumuʻiʻo a me ka lipid papa o nā mele.

Ua hoao aku au ia i ka polarity o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, i mea, kona kino mawahoʻaoʻao i ka maikaʻi kauoha, a me na -ʻaʻohe. Ua E hoi e hoʻomaopopo i ka iwi i ka e wae naʻauao. Ua skips loko, ma ka hou ana i ka wai, wale kekahi pūʻulu o nā lātoma a me Ion mea hoʻoheheʻe waiwai.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi i ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona

Ke mawahoʻili lahilahi, a endoplasmic reticulum aeee i pili loa i pili. Pinepine ua uhiia i ka iwi 'ilikai a me ka hou likeʻole protrusions nā pā microvilli. I ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi o ka holoholona aeea meaola ma waho glycoprotein kapa komo iā ia, ahu iho, a hanaʻia i ka papa mea loaʻa ka hōʻikeʻana. I kanu keena mawaho o keia iwi o kekahi mānoanoa o ia mea, a maopopo iho la i distinguishable ma lalo o ka microscope. Puluniu, mai a ia mea ia e komo i loko o ke kahua o ke kākoʻo mai o ka mea kanu'aʻaʻa o ke kumu, e like me ka laau.

Ma holoholona aeee no hoi i mawaho hale aia mawaho o kaʻili lahilahi. Ka mea, hana loa aiiay. Me lakou i mea hoike, chitin, maluna olaila i ka ka penaʻana insect'aʻaʻa.

Ma waho aʻeo ia i ka halepaahao, he mea he intracellular paha ma lokoʻili lahilahi. Ua i hookaawale ai i loko o hana kūikawā halepaahao paa compartments kapa organelles. Lakou mau pono e mālama 'ia i ho'ākāka' 'ia.

Ma muli o ka keia, ua hiki ke manao nei makou, o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi me ka ano e ho'āʻo kona nui i loko o ka functioning o ka mea a pau meaola, i ka luna 'haku mele' ana a me ka 'ole o ka i hilinai ma na mea he nui kūloko ma, a mawaho aʻe. Poino i ka manaʻoe kūkulu he hiki ke alakai i ka halepaahao i ka make.

Pela, ke 'ole a me ka hana ana o kaʻili lahilahi hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka poepoe o ka' epekema a me ka hana, ma i ka manaʻo ua noi ia. Ma kekahi hihia, ua hehee ai o ka iwi a me ka paku a ua kohoʻia, a ua paa i na kihi.