Helu waiwai o ka hydrogen. Ka waiwai a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka hydrogen

Hydrogen H - Nine Inch hehee ai, kekahi o ka loa, he pono ole i loko o kā mākou ke ao holoʻokoʻa. nuipa o ka hydrogen like ka hehee ai i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka mea, he 75% o ka huina o ka maʻiʻo o nā'ātoma o kekahiʻano. He komo i ka loaʻano nui a me ka nui pilina i ka Honua - wai. A kiʻiona hiʻona o ka hydrogen mea no hoi he nui, e hoike ana ia mea i ka mua hehee ai i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina o Nine Inch hehee wale D. I. Mendeleeva.

Discovery a me ka noiʻi

Ka mua iki o ka hydrogen i loko o ka palapala o Paracelsus lā hoʻi a hiki i ka umikumamaono kenekulia. Akā, kona hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka kinoea läÿau, o ka lewa a me ka flammable waiwai noiʻi i ua i ma kaʻumikumamāhiku kenekuliaʻepekema Lemaire. Hydrogen loa aʻo English chemist a me ka physicist nä känaka 'epekema Henry Cavendish, a empirically hoao ana ka nuipa a o ka hydrogen haahaa, ma ka like ana me nā kinoea. Ma hope o ke kahua o ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema, he nui nä känaka' epekema hana me ia, e like me Lavoisier, ka mea i kapa ia "ua loaʻa ka wai."

Hiʻona ma ke kulana PSKHE

Hehee ai, wehe i ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina D. I. Mendeleeva - ka hydrogen. Helu, a Nine Inch waiwai o ka'Ātoma ho'āʻo kekahi duality no ka mea, me hydrogen ka poʻe no i ka pae mua, i ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroup, ina ia hoi me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a haawi hoʻokahi huina'ine ma ke kaʻina hana o Nine Inch naoh a me ka hiku o ka - ma ka hihia o ka loa piha valence iwi, a laila i ka hiki aku io (particles), i characterizes mea i like i ka halogen.

Hiʻona o ka lolouila 'ole o ka hehee ai

Nā waiwai o ka hydrogen'Ātoma o ka luna 'waiwai, e i ka mea, ua hui pū, a me ka mea waiwai o N ₂ ua kuhikuhi nānā' ia ma ka lolouila hoʻonohonohoʻia o ka hydrogen. Ka huna i ka huina'ine me Z = (-1), i ke ka ao ka i loko o kona Astronomical puni ka nucleus i loaʻa kekahi proton me ka pa alima nuipa a me ka maikaʻi kauoha (+1). Kona lolouila hoʻonohonohoʻia 1s hoʻopaʻa 'like ^1, i Hōʻike ke alo aku o ka hopena maikaʻi huna i loko wale no ka mea mua a me ka wale o ka hydrogen ke-orbitals.

I ka hoʻokaʻawale 'ole recoil huina'ine a me ka'Ātoma o ka hehee ai i ka waiwai i mea e hoohui mai ia me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia loaa cation. ʻano nui hydrogen ion - Ua maikaʻi kula haʻahaʻaa huna. Nolaila, o ka huina'ine devoid o ka hydrogen kapa wale ka proton.

physical waiwai

I ka hōʻike no ke kino ai ka waiwai o ka hydrogen pokole, ia mea he colorless, liilii wailana kinoea me ka pili'ātoma nui o ka 2, 14,5 manawa māmā ma mua o ke ea, ka liquefaction mahana o -252,8 degere Centigrade.

Ma ka hoʻokolohua, e hiki wawe ka ike ana H ₂ o ka easiest. He lawa, e hoʻopiha i ka ekolu kala likeʻole waiwai - hydrogen, i carbon dioxide, nō kāu makani - a ka poʻe hoʻokuʻu iā lākou mai ka lima mai. Ke koho wikiwiki loa o ka honua, a ua hoopihaia me ka CO ₂ ma hope o na kulu puhi ea läÿau, ec H ₂ a me nā mea a pau ala a hiki i ka palena e hiki.

A liʻiliʻi kaupaona ana a me ka nui o na (particles) hydrogen hoapono ia kona hiki e komo iloko ma kekahi mau mea. Ma ka hana o ka mea hookahi poepoe i loko o kēia oluolu, e hana i kekahi mau lā ma hope o kona deflates ia iho, e like me ka wale kinoea, e hele ma waena o ka laholio. Nō hoʻi, hydrogen ke loaa i loko o ka 'ole o kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia (palladium a platinum), a me ka wā o ka mahana ua hoalaia e evaporate mai ia.

Property hydrogen liilii hoʻohana 'ia ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua no kona hoʻokaʻawale iaoia pau ka wai. Helu waiwai o ka hydrogen (papaʻaina ia manaʻo ma lalo ona i kakauia na kumu o kiko'î) IeXAaAeAaIEN kona laulā o ka palapala noi a me kāu kiʻina hana o ka la hoomalolo.

Ka isotopic haku mele 'ana

Like lālā 'ē aʻe he nui o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika oihana o Nine Inch hehee wale, me hydrogen loaʻa paha kekahi mau maoli isotopes, a laila nā'ātoma me ka ia helu ana o protons i loko o ka nucleus, akā, kekahi mau helu o neutrons - (particles) me ka' Aʻohe a me ka pa alima kauoha nuipa a. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike no nā'ātoma ua 'ano like ka waiwai - oxygen, kalapona, chlorine, bromine a me ka mea e like, me radioactive.

Helu waiwai o ka hydrogen ¹ H, o ka loa he ākea o na elele o keia pae i me ka nui loa okoa, mai ka poe mai o nā 'ano o kona mau hoa. Ma kekahi, ka kekahi mau hiʻona o ka waiwai i loko o i ka mea e pili ana. Pela, aia no he mau a me ka deuterated ka wai i loaʻa i loko o kona haku mele 'kahi o ka hydrogen'Ātoma me hoʻokahi wale proton deuterium ² H - kālaiōewe me nā kula haʻahaʻaa (particles): maikaʻi a me ka uncharged. Kēia kālaiōewe He mau manawa kaumaha ia ma mua o ka mau hydrogen, a wehewehe i ke kumu likeʻole i loko o ka waiwai o na hui a lakou i kuahene. Ke ano o ka deuterium loaʻa i loko o 3200 manawa rarer ma mua o hydrogen. Ekolu Lunamakaainana - tritium, ³ H, i loko o ka 'ōlelo ia, ua mau proton a me kekahi neutron.

Nā Papahana no ka hoomakaukau ana, a kaʻawale

Keʻena hoʻokolohua a me ka hanalima ano o ka hana hydrogen i loaʻokoʻa. Penei, dala uuku o ke kinoea ua hua mai kuhikuhi ma reactions pili i nā minelala hao, a me ka nui-unahiʻole, i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o increasingly hoʻohana ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala.

ʻO kēia Nine Inch reactions i hoʻohana 'ia ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua.

1. Reactions o ka mekala 'åkilikai, a'ākilikai honua ke hooheheeia me ka wai, e hana i mekala' åkilikai, a me ka makemake kinoea.
2. Ke electrolysis o ka koʻana koko electrolyte pāʻoihana ma ka anode ua hookuu H ₂ ↑, a me ka cathode - ka oxygen.
3. Decomposition hydrides o ka mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia me ka wai, mekala' åkilikai, a me nā huahana e, niioaaonoaaiii, ke kinoea H ₂ ↑.
4. Reacting diluteʻakika me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e hana paʻakai a me ka H ₂ ↑.
5. I ka hana o ka mekala 'åkilikai ma silikone, Aluminum a me ka kiniki i ka poʻea pau i ke kala o ka hydrogen i ka laua, e lilo luna' paʻakai.

Ma hanalima kinoea pomaikai i loaa mai ma ia 'ana i kūpono e like me:

1. Thermal decomposition o methane ma ke alo o ka hōʻeleu i kona constituent kula haʻahaʻaa waiwai (350 degere ea i ka waiwai o ia aiao i wela) - hydrogen H ₂ a me ka o carbon C. ↑
2. EYI o ka wai ohu ma ka Coke ma 1000 ° C e lilo o carbon dioxide CO ₂ a me H ₂ ↑ (ka loa, he pono ole iaoia).
3. Huli ana o ka methane kinoea ma ka nikala hōʻeleu i mahana i ka 800 degere.
4. Hydrogen mea he he hopena ia oiai ka electrolysis o koʻana koko pāʻoihana o ke potasiuma koloriside a paʻakai.

Nine hana kūleʻa: mau ai

Helu waiwai o ka hydrogen pili kēia ho'ākāka kona hana ma muli o keʻano o ka hanaʻana me kekahi mau hui. Valency o ka hydrogen mea 1, no ka mea, ua aia i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina i loko o ka hui mua, a me ka hōʻike he okoa'okesaside moku'āina. Ma nā mea a pau i huiʻia, koe hydrides, hydrogen SD = (1+) i loko o nā lātoma oʻano CNs, CN _2, CN ₃ - (1).

A lātoma o ka hydrogen kinoea, i hanaʻia ma ka hoʻolako 'generalized huina'ine paʻa, haku o nā nā'ātoma, a' ano i ka pilina paʻa energetically, no keia mea, ma lalo o maʻamau kumu hou inert i loko o ka naoh, a komo ma ka maʻamau ana loli. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka degere o ka'okesaside o ka hydrogen me nā waiwai, ka mea hiki ke hookauwa nā like ka oxidant a me ka reductant.

Waiwai i pane koke e hana hydrogen, a

Elemental AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN e hana i ka luna 'waiwai (pinepine ma ke kiekie mahana):

1. Ka mekala 'åkilikai a me kona'ākilikai honua metala + H = hydride.
2. Halogen + H ₂ = hydrogen halide.
3. Luaipele + = hydrogen sulfide.
4. Ka oxygen + _H2O = wai.
5. Kalapona + H = methane.
6. Naikokene + H ₂ = ammonia.

AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me eiiieaena waiwai:

1. Makaukau o ka hoʻololi kemikala kinoea mai ka kalapona monoxide a me ka hydrogen.
2. Loaa o ke hooheheeia, mai ko lakou mau oxides me ka H _2.
3. Hydrogen saturation o unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

hydrogen hoopaa

Helu waiwai o ka hydrogen ka poe hana pela i ae ia, i ka pili me ka electronegative hehee ai, e hana i ka kūikawāʻano o ka pili ana me ka ia'Ātoma o ka moku e nā lātoma me unshared huina'ine hui (e laʻa me, oxygen, naikokene a me ka fluorine). Ka clearest kumu o ia mea he maikaʻi nana i keia kŰia - ia mea i ka wai. Ua hiki e mai la No Lilo hydrogen paa ana, ua nawaliwali ma mua o covalent a ionic, akā, ma muli o i ka oiaio i na mea he nui o lakou i ka nui ole ma luna o ka waiwai o ka waiwai. I ka mea, hydrogen hoopaa - o ka electrostatic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, e hoopaa ana ka wai i nā lātoma i dimers a me polymers, kona hoakaka kona kiʻekiʻe baila aʻela i wahi.

Hydrogen i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka mea pōhaku hui

I ka haku mele 'ana o'okanikaʻole nāʻakika nā proton - cation'Ātoma e like me hydrogen. Waiwaiʻakika koena a i keʻano o ka'okesaside oi aku ma mua o (-1) ua olelo mai polybasic hui. I keia manawa, aia nō kekahi mau hydrogen nā'ātoma, aʻo ka multistage dissociation ma koʻana koko pāʻoihana. Kēlā me kēia hope protonʻakika koena hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka paʻakikī. E quantify ka hydrogen ka maʻiʻo ma ke 'ia me ka nānā' ia e konaʻakika.

Hydrogen iloko hydroxyl pūʻulu a me nā kumu. Ka mea, e pili ana i ka hydrogen'Ātoma o ka oxygen, kūpono ma ke degere o ka'okesaside o ke koena mekala 'åkilikai manawa like i (-1). Ma ka maʻiʻo o ka hydroxyl pūʻulu i loko o ka 'ia i ho'ākāka' ia ma kona basicity.

I ka hoʻohana ana o kanaka ha awina

Nā paukūʻolokaʻa me ka waiwai, e like me pahu waihona me nā liquefied kinoea e like me o oxygen, i he mau 'helehelena. Ka mea, pena he eleele iki-omaomao ano me he ao alohilohi i ulaula "hydrogen" lettering. Kinoea ua injected i loko o ka hoʻonui i ka puʻe o ma kahi o 150 me ka lewa. Helu waiwai o ka hydrogen, ma ka like ana me ka nanea o gaseous hoʻopiha moku'āina, a ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoopiha ana ia lakou me ka läÿau, o ka helium balloons, e hoʻokani ana balloons, etc.

Hydrogen, na waiwai kino ai, a Nine Inch a kanaka i aʻoʻia e hoʻohana i na makahiki aku nei, ma ka manawa 'ole i loko o na mea he nui na hana. Kona papa kuhikuhiE nuipa hele i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka ammonia. I hydrogen ua komo i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke hooheheeia (hafnium, germanium, gallium, silikone, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, a me kekahi poe e ae) o na oxides, e olelo ana ma o ka naoh like me ka hoemi hope, a me ka paakai o hydrocyanicʻakika, meto ka waiʻona, a me kemikala wai a wahie. Ke ai hana hoʻohana mea, e hoʻolilo nō hoʻi mea kāhinu, i loko o kona kaikea a paa.

I ho'ākāka 'Nine Inch ka waiwai, a me ka hoʻohana' ana o hydrogen i loko o kekahi mau hydrogenation keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka hydrogenation o kona kaikea a, lanahu, hydrocarbons, mea kāhinu, a kaumaha wahie aila. Me ia paka gems, incandescent, pana aku au i forging a me kuʻihao o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia huahana ma lalo o ka aoao o ka oxygen ma-hydrogen lapalapa.