Hoikehonua, 'ā ina'āina. He aha ka manawa i ke au o

E maopopo i ka manawa o ka au, e mea pono e nana i ka olelo hooholo II Ahaolelo o ka International 'ā ina Ahaolelo Lahui, e paa ana ia i ka makahiki 1881. A laila, i nā kānakaʻepekema hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka 'ā ina mōʻaukala o ko mākou Honua. Aia he mau mea nui o ke hoomaopopo, i hoʻolauna iā 'ka hilahila i loko o ka' epekema. General koho ana o ka hoʻomalu, ka mea i hooholoia e kaʻikena 'ā ina au hou - Cenozoic. Ua hoomaka 66 miliona makahiki aku nei, a mau a hiki i kēia lā.

Hiʻona o ka Cenozoic

O ka holo ana, laekahi 'ā ina au - keia mea,ʻaʻole mea monolithic a me ka monotonous. Ua Ua maheleia i ekolu manawa: ka Paleogene, Neogene a me Quaternary. Iloko o keia manawa, i ke ao nei i hoʻololi dramatically. I ka kuʻina kakahiaka nui o ka Cenozoic nana aku nō hewa i ka Honua, e like me ka mea i kēia lā, me ke komo pu ana ma olelo o flora a me? Aaoa. Naʻe, ka mea, ua laila mau mea a pau i hiki mai ai i ka hopena o ka a ka Honua lilo mea ua ike makou ia.

Ua hoomaka ka kūkuluʻana i ka'ōnaehana global o interconnected au moana. Ua Ua kena ae la ma kekahi 'ano kūkaʻi Hawaiian' Aeʻa. Kona no ua he complication o ka wela launa like ma waena o ka Kapikoowāea a me ka Polar kīʻaha.

Hawaiian 'Aeʻa

Ma ka Paleogene Wāwahi ka supercontinent Gondwana. An nui hanana i ia na laekahi 'ā ina au, ua he hookui hookahe koko ana o Inia a me Asia. Africa mai ke komohana hema "apo la" ma Eurasia. Pela ka mea iʻikeʻia ma ka hema mauna o ka Old World a me Iran. 'Ā ina manawa i puka lohi akā, inexorably palapala o ka Honua i me keia la.

Ke kahiko Tethys Ocean, e hoʻokēʻai i ka'ākau a me ka hema Gondwana Laurasia e ho'ōla nalowale. I keia la, wale ke kai koe o ka mea, (ke Kaiwaenahonua,ʻEleʻele a me Caspian). Ma ka hema hemisphere i maka i nā hanana nui. Antarctica wawahi aku mai Australia, a hele aku la a hiki i kaʻaoʻao o ka laau, e lilo ana i ka wao nahele mauʻaʻei. Isthmus o Panama i waho i ua hoʻopili North a me South America, ma hope hookaawale ana i ka Pacific a me ka 'Akelanika' moana.

paleogene

Ka mea mua i hala, i wehe i ka laekahi 'ā ina au hou - ka Paleogene (66-23 miliona makahiki aku nei). A hou kahua o? Acaeoey o ke aloha ao nei. Mesozoic a Cenozoic palena i waeʻia he nui helu o ka nuipa a ia'na o? Ueo. Ka hapanui o kanaka i keia catastrophe ma ia'na o na dinosaurs.

Ma wahi o ka hou ka pūpū i hele mai Mesozoic poʻe e noho lā ma ka Honua, pokou iʻa a me ka angiosperm kanu. Ma mua 'ā ina manawa ma ka aina Kīwala'ō ma lalo mea kolo. Ano ka mea, ua haawi aku ai i ke alakai wahi mammals. O na mea kolo ola wale crocodiles, kuhukukū, nahesa, hana o ua moo a me kekahi'ē aʻe? Ueo. I hana i kēia Look amphibians. Ma o ka lewa, ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka dominance o ka manu.

Neogene

Kaʻike mau kaʻina o ka 'ā ina he au hākālia nō i ka lua o ka wā lilo Cainozoe Neogen, olaa aku la a me ka māhele ma mua o Paleogenic Quaternary. Ua hoomaka 23 miliona makahiki aku nei, a pau 1,65 miliona makahiki aku nei.

I ka pau ana o ka Neogene ke aloha ao nei, ua lilo aponoia kēia hiʻona. Ke kai lilo ae la i mea ole diskotsikliny, assiliny a me nummulites. Nui hoʻololi i ka haku mele 'ana o ke aloha ao nei ma luna o ka'āina. Ua hakuloli Mammals i ke ola i loko o ka papu, anuanu ululāʻau, a me kalaka nui polustepyah pela panalāʻau mua nā'āpana. Uaʻikeʻia i loko o ka Neogene proboscidians, ungulates a me nā 'elele o? Aaoa, he pono ole i keia la (hyenas, bea, martens, ili, ilio, rhinos, hipa, na bipi, a no laila, ma luna o. D.). Primates i hele mai mai o ka ulu lāʻau, a na kanaka] hamama mau hakahaka. 5 miliona makahiki aku nei, o ka mua kūpuna o kēia kanaka o kaʻohana o nā hominids. I akau lakikū hoomaka ae la e nalo lilo thermophilic flora (mureto, Pohon, nā lāʻau pāma).

I ka ho okumu ana o kēia mauna, a kai

Na Neogene hoʻomau i ke kaʻina hana o ka mauna hale, i ho'ākāka 'ia i nā laekahi panorama o ka Honua. Ma Amerika, i hana i ka Cordillera, a me ka Appalachian Mountains ma Africa - Hawaiian Edition. Nā mauna iʻikeʻia ma ka hikina o ka Australia, a ma ka Mauna subcontinent. kekahi marginal kai i loko o ka komohana Pacific (Japan a me Okhotsk). I ka ha awina o kekahi lua pele, ka wai, ku ae la ka lua piʻo.

No kekahi manawa ke ao nei kai kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka makana, nae, haule iho la hou i ka pau ana o ka Neogene. Glaciation uhi ole wale ka Ant-, akā, i ka Arctic. Ka Huliau lilo hou lolelua ka a me ka Akä, a ua pakahi aku la ia io no ka mea e hiki mai ana Quaternary.

? aaoa Polenekia

Ma ka Neogene manawa, i ka mokuna o ka (Northern hemisphere) eia hui i loko o ka holistic pokole. Aia i kekahi Kaiwaenahonua ala hele ma waena o Africa a meʻEulopa. Ma ke West Siberian Plain nalowale turgai kai. Ua hoʻokaʻawale Europe, mai Asia. Ma hope o ka mea dries kōkua ai i nā Polenekia ma waena o nā wahi likeʻole o ke ao nei. Mai Amerika mai herbivorous lio, a me ka mai Asia - bipi hihiu a me na bipi kane. Proboscidians hohola mawaho o Africa. Nā pōpoki i poe initially saber-kuʻi, a noho ma Amerika, hoʻopiha Eurasia.

4 miliona makahiki aku nei, i ka Isthmus o Panama ae la. Aia i kekahi aina pili ma waena o ka mau 'Amelika, a alakai ai i ka hiki i neia wa ano kūkaʻi' holoholona Polenekia. South? Aaoa ma ka Cenozoic ua i loko o ka moku'āina o ka hoʻokaʻawale, maoli e noho ana ma ka nui mokupuni. Ano, malihini i kekahi i kekahi? Ueo e hele mai i loko o ka leo. ? Aaoa hui. Ma ke kūkulu'ākau, hoike mai i armadillos, sloths a me marsupials. Lio, tapirs, hamsters, puaʻa, kia, camelids (llamas) ua panalāʻau South America. North? Aaoa waiwai. Akā, ua kekahi maoli kui i loko oʻAmelika Hema. No ka mea, o ka hou nā kānaka hoʻokūkū i loko o ka maka o ungulates a me Moana lilo i mea ole na rodents a me marsupials. Mau conflicting hanana i kapa e like me ka Nui Amelika mail.

quaternary

Ua i mau ieeeea makahiki i na mea he nui 'ā ina o ka'āina a me nā manawa pomaikai kekahi i kekahi, a me ka hope i hele mai i kekahi wahi ma ka hapalua miliona makahiki aku nei, hoomaka ae la ka Quaternary wā o ka Cenozoic. He mau a hiki i kēia lā, no laila, ka mea hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono kēia.

All manawa, a he au o geologic mōʻaukala i okoa mai kekahi i kekahi hanana hiʻona. i kapaia o Quaternary anthropogenic, e like me ka mea i kēia wā o ka manawa i hiki i ke ana a me ka ho okumu ana o ke kanaka. Kona mau kūpuna muaʻikeʻia i loko o East Africa. A laila, ka mea i noho ai ma Eurasia, a mai ka Contemporary Chukotka hele mai i Amerika. Ua hele People ma kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o? acaeoey. Hope (kupono kanaka) iloko 40 tausani makahiki aku nei.

I ka Ia manawa kū hoʻokahi i loko o kona Quaternary climatic puu hua palaoa. Over makahiki ka hope miliona i i manawa e hele aku ma kekahi mau hau makahiki, e lalana ana mai iaʻu ma. Ka Huliau auwe i alakai aku ai i ka ia'na o na mea he nui laha 'o thermophilic flora a me? Aaoa. Nalowale a ua hakuloli holoholona i ke ola i loko o ka Ice Age (mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, saber-kuʻi tigers).

Holocene

Ka pane ana i ka ninau, i ka manawa o ka au, ua mua, ua loaʻa (Cenozoic). I ka Ia manawa, ka mea mau i kēia lā ma lalo o ka Quaternary wā. Ua Ua hoi puunaueia i na hapa. Hoikehonua, Oihana Quaternary wā - ka Holocene ana nou. Ua hoomaka 12.000 makahiki aku nei. ʻepekema kapa ia ka interglacial. Ia mea i ka manawa ma hope o lula 'lalana ana ia ia.

I ka Ia manawa laekahi manaʻo kanaka i kauoha aku e hopu i kekahi mau wahi ia hau makahiki. Huliau Ua ano o ka Quaternary wā, ma ka hope 12 tausani makahiki pōʻaiapuni loheʻia i kekahi mau manawa. I ka Ia manawa ka unahiʻole, koe moku, aʻaʻole pēlā hana keaka. Climatologists aku nei au i ka Little Ice Age, i hele mai i loko o ka 1450-1850 biennium. Winter mahana ma Europe, Nakulukulu no, ka mea i alakai i ka pinepine iʻohi hoʻolako 'ole a me nā puʻu huapalaoa i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai mahiʻai. Little Ice Makahiki i mua ma ka 'Akelanika' kaʻoi loa (900-1300 GG.). I loko o kēia wā, ke aniau ua nui milder, a me ka hauneneʻe me ka nui loa hoemiia. Mākou e hoomanao oukou i ka Vikings i loaa Greenland ma ka Middle Ages, ka mea i kapaia o "ka uliuli aupuni", naʻe kēia lā ia mea,ʻaʻole "'ōmaʻomaʻo."