Manawa Geology. Neogene wā. Triassic wā. Canyon

E like me kēia manaʻo o nā kānakaʻepekema, ka 'ā ina moʻolelo o ko mākou Honua He 4,5-5 ieeeea makahiki. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka ulu ia mea kupono e hoakaka i ka 'ā ina manawa o ka Honua.

kekahi mau 'ike

Honua 'ā ina manawa (Table ma lalo nei) ho i ke kaʻina o nā hanana i mai ai i ke kūpono' ana o ka Honua, mai ke kahua maluna olaila o ka pńpa. Me ka hooholo ia o ka manawa ma luna o kaʻili kai, ua likeʻole keʻano o ka hanaʻana e like me hanaia a me ka luku landforms kaiapuni'āina mau mea ma lalo o ka wai a me ka hooulu ana i na ia, icing, e like me ka nānā aku a me ka nalowale ana o kekahi mau laha 'o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona, a no laila, ma luna o. D. ka Honua ma ka hanau maopopo ko läkou' lākou hoʻonaʻauao. ʻepekema koi i ka mea e hiki ke koho i ko lakou makemakika miomio i loko o nā papa likeʻole o ka pōhaku.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu o hoʻokomo kālā

Kanaka hulihonua, imi e? Aeiino? I ka mōʻaukala o ka Honua, këia i nā papa o nā pōhaku. Maliuia mai hoʻokomo kālāʻikepili ua maheleia i elima nui hui, highlighting ke kēia 'ā ina o ka'āina o ka Honua: he kahiko (Archean), i kakahiaka nui (Proterozoic), ka mea kahiko (Paleozoic), awelika (Mesozoic) a me ka mea hou (Cenozoic). Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka palena ma waena o ia ua paʻa ma ka nui evolutionaryʻike manaʻo 'ia ma luna o mākou Honua. Ka hope ekolu o ka'āina, ma ka huli, ua mahele ia i manawa, e like me ia ma kēia mau sediments ua loa pono malamaia i koe o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Kēlā me kēia kahua ua wehewehe aku ma nā hanana i loaʻa iā ia i kuleana ole ma o ka 'äina keia o ka Honua.

Ka mua ke kahua

Archean au mai o ka Honua i keʻano māpuna lua pele keʻano o ka hanaʻana, i kūpono i loko o ka Honua o ka ili honua, ua igneous māpala pōhaku - i ke kumu no ka ho okumu ana o Hawaiian papa. Ma ia manawa malaila ola i ka microorganisms wale i ke ola me ka oxygen. Ua Ua ea ae ka hana i ka hoʻokomo kālā Archean pale uhiʻaneʻane ka pau kaawale wahi o ka 'âinapuni, ka mea, i ka puu o ka hao, kala, platinum, i ke gula, a me na mea e hooheheeia.

koke ke kahua

Proterozoic au i typical kiʻekiʻe pele haʻawina. I loko o kēia wā o nā kuahiwi i hana ai-kapaia Baikal pelu. A hiki i kēia lā ka mea, aneane i ole ola, e ho i wale kekahi mailuilu haalele hoala mai i loko o ka pāpū. Iloko o keia manawa, o ka Honua noho protozoa a me ka uliuli-uliuli līoho, ka mua multicellular. Proterozoic pohaku strata waiwai i loko o nā minelala hao: Mika, ole-ferrous i eliia, a hao i eliia.

kahiko ke kahua

I ka wā mua o ka Paleozoic au hou i koho ma ke kahua o ka mauna papa koa o ka Caledonian orogeny. Kēia i alakai ai i ka nui ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ke kai na kiaha, e like me ka muli o ka nunui mau mea o ka aina. Ua ola mākou i nā kualono kanaka o ka wā: i loko o nā Urals, ma Arabia, South-East China a me CentralʻEulopa. I mau mauna, i "pohole mai" a me ka haahaa. I ka lua o ka hapalua o ka Paleozoic orogenic keʻano o ka hanaʻana i kekahi wehewehe aku. Eia puu i hana Hercynian pelu. Kēia au ua nui loa aku kou mana, he nui na mauna ma ka Urals a me Western Siberia, Manchuria a me Mongolia, CentralʻEulopa, e like me ka pono me Australia a me North America. ka mea, i na poe e loa haʻahaʻa blocky huihui ikehu lā i keia la. Animals Paleozoic au hou - ka mea, o ka mea kolo, a amphibians, i ka moana a me ka moana i noho ma ka iʻa. Mawaena o ke kanu honua i Kīwala'ō e līoho. Palaeozoic (Carboniferous wā) ua wehewehe aku ma ka nui hoʻokomo kālā o ka lanahu a me ka aila, i i kaua kipi i loko o kēia'āina.

Middle ke kahua

E hoʻomaka ana Mesozoic wehewehe aku ma ke au o ka pili noho mālie a me ka gradual luku o ka hoʻouku nenoai ulu mua, luʻu kai 'ana i lalo wahi (hapa Western Siberia). I ka lua o ka hapalua o kēia wā, ia ma ke kahua o nā kualono Mesozoic pelu. A he mau loa nui mauna aupuni, a hiki i keia la i ka ia shape. Me lakou i mea hoike, i nā mauna o ka hikina mai Siberia, ka Cordillera, kekahi māhele o Indo-Kina a me Tibet. Ua densely uhiia ka aina me ka lush kanu, a i nā make, a popoʻole. Aie i ka wela a me ka humid aniau mea heʻeleu kahua o peat pohopoho, a Swamp. Ka mea, ua i ke au o ka nunui o ua moo nei - na dinosaurs. Nā noho o ka Mesozoic au hou (herbivores a me carnivores) ua palahalaha ae ma ka honua. I ka Ia manawa eia kahi mea akaka, a me ka mua mammals.

he hou ke kahua

Cenozoic au, i auou caiaiai i ka waena ke kahua, mau a hiki i kēia lā. Ka hoʻomaka o kēia wā i kaha maha ma ka ulu i loko o ka ha awina o ka na koa o ka Honua, a i alakai ai i kekahi mau ala ana o ka nunui mau mea o ka aina. Ua ana nou Ua wehewehe aku ma keʻano o ka mauna papa koa Alpine pelu i loko o ka Alpine-Himalayan kāʻei. I loko o kēia wā, e loaa hou outlines o ka Eulńsia'āinapuniʻole. Eia hou, ua he nui rejuvenation o na massifs kahiko o ka Urals, Tien Betesana mai, a Hawaiian mauna o Appalachia. Dramatically hoʻololi i ke aniau ma ka Honua, hoomaka ae la i ka manawa o ka ikaika glaciation. Honua o ka hau, nā paʻi hua hoʻololi i ka 'äina o ka' âinapuni ' o ka (Northern hemisphere). E like me ka hopena, ka mea i hana hilly papu me ka hailona o ic ??. Animals Cenozoic au - e mammals, mea kolo a me amphibians, he nui no ka loiloi mua wā, a hiki i ka lā i keia, oiai kekahi poe lilo loa iaʻi (mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, saber-kuʻi tigers, ana bea, etc.) no kekahi kumu paha kekahi.

He aha ka i ka 'ā ina wā?

'Ā ina pae like me ka pa alima o ka ' ā ina manawa me ka unahiʻole o ko mākou Honua hiki ke maheleia i manawa. E kaʻike i ka mea i olelo mai e pili ana i kēia manawa i loko o ka puke noiʻi kūʻikena. Manawa (geology) - ia mea he nui wā mawaena o ka 'ā ina manawa i loko i nā pōhaku i hana. I huli ai oe, ka mea, ua maheleia i loko o liʻiliʻi huahelu, i ka poe i kaheaia hana hoopilikia wale.

Ka mua ke kahua (Archean a Proterozoic) aie a hiki i ka piha wa e kaawale aku ai uuku helu o ia i ka holoholona momona a me kaʻaiʻano māheleʻia i loko o nā hoʻopunipuni ā hiki. Palaeozoic nā Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, karbonsky a me ka perm manawa. Kēia kahua Ua wehewehe aku e ka nui helu o ka iiaciiie-ʻanuʻu, i kaupalena 'ia wale ekolu na mea e ae. Mesozoic au nā Triassic, Canyon a me ka chalk kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Cainozoic au hou kahi loa? Anoee manawa, poe Paleogene, Neogene a me quaternary subintervals. E kekahi o ia iā mākou noʻonoʻo.

Triassic

Triassic wā - keia mea i ka mua iiaciiie-wā mawaena o ka Mesozoic'āina. Kona lōʻihi like 'ole i kahi o 50 miliona makahiki (i kakahiaka nui - 251-199 miliona makahiki aku nei). Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka hōʻano hou i ka meaola a me ka honua? Aaoa. I ka Ia manawa hoʻomau i nei i kekahi mau elele o ka Paleozoic, e like me spiriferid, tabulate, kekahi elasmobranch a me kekahi poe e ae, Mawaena o na invertebrates i lehulehu Amona, a haawi mai la i ka hailona o hou ano, nui no ka stratigraphy. Mawaena o ka eono-Ray koʻa predominate ano o Brachiopod - terebratulidy a me ka rinhonelidy, echinoderms pūʻulu - kai urchins. Vertebrates iʻano nui na poe e kolo - Saurischia nui dinosaurs. He ākea thecodonts - lepo hoʻokēʻai-neʻe maila mea kolo. Eia hou, i ka mua nui wai meaola hou i loko o ka Triassic au - ichthyosaurs a me plesiosaurs, akā, e hiki kona kiekie wale nō i loko o ka Canyon wā. No hoi i keia manawa, a me ka mua mammalsʻikeʻia, a i hooku iho la ia i ka poe liilii, pepa.

Flora i loko o ka Triassic au ( 'ā ina) nalowale hehee wale Paleozoic, a loaʻa iā ia kekahi o ke koa Mesozoic haku mele' ana. Ua Ua Kīwala'ō ma lalo'amaʻu kanu? Ueony, sagovoobraznye, conifers a me Ginkgo. Climatic hana hea wehewehe aku ma ka nui lalana ana ia ia. Ua hiki aku i ka ka maloʻoʻana mai o na mea he nui o ka uka moana, a ma ka i koe kūpono kou māhuahua'ōmiko pae. Eia hou kekahi, he hoemiia loa wahi o uka o ka wai kino, kūpono i ka ulu wao nahele Landskap. No ka laʻana, i loko o kēia wā nā Tauride ho okumu ana o ka Crimean Peninsula.

Canyon

Canyon manawa i loaʻa kona inoa, mai ka Jura mauna ma ke komohana oʻEulopa. He mea ka mawaena konu hapa o ka Mesozoic, a me ka loa densely Hōʻike 'ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka hooulu ana mai o ke aloha i kēia'āina. Ma hoʻi, e hiki ke maheleia i ekolu na pauku: ka lalo, waena a me ka luna.

ʻO? Aaoa o kēia wā ua poe e hoʻomano haawi invertebrates - cephalopods (poe mamo a Amona, na poe ma? Ueo lehulehu a me ka genera). Ka mea, kiʻi kaula a me ke ano maoli leho i loa okoa, mai ka poeikohoia o ka Triassic. Eia hou, ma ka Canyon wā ua pomaikai no au i kekahi pae o molluscs - belemnite. I keia manawa, nui 'ana i ka eono-kai-hale punakea,, meaola ka huahuakai, lilia a me ke kai urchins, e like me lehulehu elasmobranch. Akā loa nalo Paleozoic brachiopod? Ueo. Meaola? Aaoa vertebrate ioeo oko a me ka nui loa mai o ka Triassic, ka mea hiki he nuiʻano. Ma ka Canyon wā he ākea ka iʻa a me ka wai kolo - ichthyosaurs a me plesiosaurs. I keia manawa he mea he hoʻololi mai ka aina a me ka adapting i ka meaola i hoʻolilo 'ia, crocodiles a me nā manu kuhukukū. A nuiʻano o nāʻano o ka loaa ole o ka honua vertebrates - mea kolo. I waena o lākou i kā lākou blossoming hele mai dinosaurs, a i na poe e herbivores, predatory a me nā 'ano apau loa. Ka hapa nui o ia mea i hiki i 23 mau mika ma ka lōʻihi, e like me Diplodocus. Ke hoʻokomo kālā o kēia wā loaʻa i ka hou laha 'o nā mea kolo - ka lele o ua moo nei, i ka poe i kaheaia "pterodactyls". I ka Ia manawa malaila, a me ka manu mua. Canyon flora kīnā ulu luxuriant: gymnosperms, Ginkgo, cycads, conifers (Araucaria), bennettites, sagovnikovye, a, o ka papa, Fern, horsetails, a me ka laau palau, mosses.

Neogene

Neogene wā - i ka lua o ka wā o ka Cenozoic'āina. Ua hoomaka 25 miliona makahiki aku nei, a pau 1.8 miliona makahiki aku nei. I keia manawa, aole i ua mea hou i loko o ka? Aaoa. Aia He Heʻano nui o gastropods a me bivalves, ka pōhaku punakea,, foraminifera a me coccolithophorids. Hoʻomano ulu amphibians, manu kuhukukū, a pokou iʻa. Ma ka Neogene wā, he ākeaʻano o ka loaa ole a me ka'āina vertebrates kuahene. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻomaka koke e holumua ai hipparionʻAno: hipparions, lio, rhinoceroses, bipi hihiu, nā kāmelo, Hobotova, kia, Hippo, giraffes, rodents, saber-kuʻi tigers, hyenas, a me nā keko nui.

Ma lalo o ka aoao o ke kumumea likeʻole i keia manawa koke Hawaiʻi ke aloha honua: ma laila i ulu-hehi, taiga, mauna a me ka papu hehi. Ma ka Tropical wahi - ka savannah a me ka rainforest. Climatic rula e kokoke ana i ke kālā no.

Geology like me ka 'epekema

'Ā ina manawa o ka Honua' epekema haʻawina - geology. Uaʻikeʻia kŘpa nei - ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia. Eia naʻe, manaʻo huhū kona wā'ōpiopio, ia mea kēpau hālau ka malamalama ma na mea he nui hoopaapaa nīnūnē ma ke kahua o ko mākou Honua, e like me ke kumu o ka mea i noho ia. Ma keia wahi 'epekema hypotheses, e hoʻohanaʻano nui wale ka hopena o nā loina a me nā kūʻiʻo. No kanalua i ka mea i waiho i loko o ka papa o ka honua ko läkou 'ana o ka Honua i loko o kekahi hihia, e haawi aku i ka hou pololei kiʻi o ka hala, ma mua o kekahi puke penned. Eia naʻe, e e hiki ke heluhelu i kēia mau mea, a ike ia pono ua i hāʻawiʻia i ka a pau, no laila, a hiki i kēia hua'ōlelo 'epekema, mai ka manawa i ka manawa, aole e e erroneous ka hoohalike ana o kekahi mau hanana. Kahi loaʻa nō ko läkou 'o ke ahi, ka mea hiki ke olelo me ka oiaio, i ke ahi ua; a ma laila nō ko läkou 'o ka wai, a me ka ia ka wiwo ole hiki ke ua kūkākūkāʻia ia i ka wai ua, a no laila, ma luna o. Aka hewa no hoi ana. Not ia e unfounded, e kekahi mau laʻana mākou noʻonoʻo.

"Aniani ÷"

I ka 1973 i ka Magazine "Knowledge - max" paʻi ka 'atikala ma ka biologist kaulana AA Lyubimtseva "Frosty lauana ma ke aniani." Ka mea kākau ua kokoke mai ka poʻe heluhelu 'noonoo ana i ka luku ana similarity o ka hau kumu hoohalike me kanu hale. E like me ka hoʻokolohua, kiʻi pūʻo ia i ke kumu ma ke aniani, a hoike mai i ka Hawaii photo i koʻu hoa i ka botanist. A i ole kali ike i loko o ke kiʻi fossilized footprint pua kala. Mai ka oiai ua ike o ke kemika o kēia mau kumu hoohalike i hoʻomaka ai ma muli o ke crystallization o ka wai mahu kinoea pae. Eia naʻe, i kekahi mea i 'ano like ka hana i loko o ka makaukau o pyrolytic graphite ma pyrolysis o methane nāu kekahi me ka hydrogen. Penei, ka mea i loaʻa i ka 'Aʻohe wai iaʻu, mai keia koko ua loaʻa dendritic pepa i nā mea i like loa e kanu residues. Keia ua wehewehe ia e ka mea i loaʻa i kekahi mau kānāwai e hoomalu aku i ke kahua o'okanikaʻole ano o ka mea a me ka ano.

I loko o kanaka hulihonua i hana ia wā lōʻihi o ka manawa kēlā me kēia 'ā ina, ka nānā' ana ma luna o ko läkou 'o ka mea kanu a me ka holoholonaʻano a loaʻa i loko o lanahu hoʻokomo kālā. A wale nō he mau makahiki aku nei, he mau kuleana ma kekahi kānakaʻepekema i keia iaoia mea pololei ole, a ua pau na fossils - wale no keia, me he he hopena ia o ke kahua o ka Honua ka papa. No kanalua, he mea hiki ole ke ana i ka ia, akā, ka mea e e oi akahele hoʻokokoke i ke ka launa pū nīnūnē.

A ina paha global glaciation?

kekahi categorical hoakaka o nā kānakaʻepekema, a me ka ole i kanaka hulihonua wale noonoo. A pau o mākou, mai ke kula, hooeueu ae la i ka World glaciation e uhi mākou Honua, ma o na la he nui? Ueo o nā holoholona lilo i mea ole: mammoths, woolly rhinos, a he nui na mea e ae. A me ka mea kēia kaikaina hanauna i lawe mai ai ma luna o Quadrilogy "Ice Age." Epekema i kekahi leo e olelo aku i ka geology - ka hua'ōlelo 'epekema,ʻaʻole i hiki i nā theories, a hoʻohana wale ai kūʻiʻo. Eia naʻe, ia mea,ʻaʻole pēlā. Eia, e like me ia ma na wahi o ka 'epekema (mōʻaukala, archeology, a me na mea e ae), i kekahi ke malama i ka rigidity o na theories a me ka naueue ole o ka mana. No ka laʻana, mai ka weuweu umikumamaiwa kenekulia ma na sidelines o Science hana i ka hahana loa hoopaapaa e pili ana ina ole paha icing. Ma ka hapalua like-iwakalua kenekulia, ke kaulana nä känaka 'epekema-kanaka hulihonua IG Pidoplichko i paʻiʻia eha-ka leo hana "Ma o ka hau makahiki." Ma keia pepa, i ka mea kākau ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hooiaio ana insolvency kēia o global glaciation. Mea, aole ia e hilinai aku ma luna o ka hana a nā haumana, a oia kino 'ana i mālama' ā ina hanaʻeliʻana (i kekahi o ka mea ana i hoolilo ia e like me he koa no ka Red Army, komo i loko o nā kaua e ku ei ka Kelemānia komohewa) ma ka'āina o ka Soviet Union a me WesternʻEulopa. He hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka hauneneʻe o hiki ole uhi i ka'āinapuniʻole holoʻokoʻa, a komo wale i ka kūloko ano, a me ka mea āna i ole, kena ae la ka ia'na o na mea he nui nā holoholona laha ', a he okoa aʻe - a me ka nalu p hanana i alakai aku ai i ka pohupani hale o nāʻauamo ( "Sensational mōʻaukala o ka Honua" A . Skliarov); a oicyenoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe o ke kanaka.

Mysticism, a no ke aha laʻepekema e ole hai i ka maopopo

I loko nō o ka poi pu hoike hōʻike Pidoplichko, kńnaka mea i wikiwiki e haʻalele i ka aponoia mana o ka glaciation. A laila, i oi hana hoihoi. mea kākau o ka hana i paʻiʻia ma ka kakahiaka 50s, akā, me ka make ana o Stalin, i hoihoi nā manawa a pau o nā puke eha mai ka hale waihona puke a me nā kulanui o ke aupuni, malamaia wale i loko o ka vaults o ka waihona, a lawe ia mai mai o ka mea nui,ʻaʻole maʻalahi. I Soviet manawa, kela mea keia mea lawe i kēia puke i loko o ka hale waihona puke i lawe i no o ka kūikawā lawelawe. A hiki i keia la, aia nō kekahi pilikia i loaa i kēia puke. Eia naʻe, mahalo i ka Internet, kela kanaka keia kanaka hiki ke kiʻi ike i na hana o ka mea kākau, i huli aku ma au mamuli o ka manawa o geologic moolelo o ka Honua, wehewehe i ke kumu o kekahi mau meheu.

Geology - he kiko'ī 'epekema?

Ua Ua manaoio ia geology - he 'epekema hoʻokahi wale nō mana, a ua manao wale ia mai o kana i ike. Inā ka hihia i questionable, ka mea, aole e olelo aku i kekahi mea, ka mea i ikeia, hiki ke kūkā mai, a postpones i ka 'ōlelo hoʻoholo a ka manawa au i a loaa unambiguous pono ana. Eia naʻe, e like me ka hana pono E hoike mai, i ka sciences, hoi, e hewa (e like, ke kālaikūlohea a makemakika). Aka hoi, o ka hewa ka mea,ʻaʻole he hewa, inā e lawe manawa a me ka pololei. ka mea, ua pinepine global ma ke ano maoli, a i ka kūloko waiwai, oe wale pono e loaʻa i ka ikaika, eʻae i ka maopopo, huki i ka hopena a'ākau, a me ka neʻe ma e halawai hou discoveries. Hoikehonua,ʻepekema Ua hōʻike radically e ku pono ana hana, no ka mea, ka hapanui o ka malamalama o ka 'epekema i loko o kona manawa i loaa aʻe, hoʻolilo' ia ', a iaia no kā lākou hana, a me ka manawa e mai i makemake eʻuwao me ia. A ua hana ua ike ole wale ma ka geology, akā, i loko o nā spheres o ka ha awina. Wale poʻe ikaika e mai makau, e ae aku i ko lakou aohe ahailono,, e loaa i ka manawa e ulu hou, no ka mea, o ka ka loaʻaʻana o ka wahaheʻe - ia mea,ʻaʻole he hewa, aka, i ka wa pono hou kekahi.