Ka palena iki, a me ka i kā mākou degere o ka'okesaside o bromine. Nine waiwai o ka bromine

I waena o nā mea a pau i ka Nine Inch hehee wale, ole-ke hooheheeia i ka kūikawā helu - halogens. Mau nā'ātoma la i ko lakou inoa no kūikawā waiwai i ka mea, ho'āʻo i loko o Nine Inch hana kūleʻa. Mau nā:

• iodine;
• chloro;
• bromo;
• fluorine.

Chloro a fluoro - he kinoea make, a i ikaika oxidizing mana. Iodine ma lalo o maʻamau rula mea he mea pōaka substance pouli ulaula ano me ka mea hao alohilohi'ōlelo ai. Ua hōʻike mai i nā waiwai o ka hoemi hope paha. A me ka ha ku pono e like me ka Halo? He aha nō ka waiwai o ka bromine hui i hanaʻia e ia, a me nā 'ano like ka hehee ai, a like me ka mea waiwai? E ho'āʻo i ka maopopo.

Bromine: he mau ano o ka hehee ai

E like me ka huna ana o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana, bromo ninoaaeyao i ka halepaahao kaʻina helu 35. Alaila, e like me ka hapa o kona kāna mau 'ōlelo 35 protons a me ka huina'ine iwi lawa ka hookahi helu o electrons. Ka hoʻonohonohoʻia o ka pā, ahu iho: 4s ^{2 5} p.

VII pūʻulu aia i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE iiaciiie-pūʻulu o kekahi hapa o na halogens - kūikawā waiwai o ka pae ana o Nine Inch hehee wale. A oaeii, aia nō ma kahi o 28 kekahi mau laha 'o'Ātoma kālaiōewe. Mass helu ka ÷ 67 a hiki i 94. ke kuleana a me ka kumupaʻa like pono me maʻamau ma luna o ka pakeneka o maoli ai ike i elua:

• bromo ⁷⁹ - 51% o ka ia;
• bromo ⁸¹ - 49% o ka mea.
  

Ka awelika'ātoma nuipa o ka hehee ai mea like i 79,904 huahelu. Ke degere o ka'okesaside o bromine papa koa, mai -1 i +7. Ua hōʻike ikaika oxidizing ka waiwai, akā, emi iki mahope o ia iā lākou i loko o chlorine a me ka fluorine, iodine ka oi.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Open keia hehee ai i hope ma mua o lākou nā hoapili i loko o ka subgroup. Ma ka manawa ia i uaʻikeʻia e pili ana i ka chlorine a me ka iodine. Na wai lā i kēia loaʻa? Oe ke kahea koke ekolu inoa, e like me ia mea i ka nui o nā kānakaʻepekema, ua hiki ke synthesize aneane ka poʻe i hou hehee ai i ike a laila noʻonoʻo'Ātoma. Mau inoa i:

• Antoine Jerome Balard.
• Karl Levig.
• Yustus Libih.

Naʻe, ka mea kūhelu "makua" Ua noʻonoʻo Balaram, ka mea mua no ka mea,ʻaʻole wale loaa mai a me ka ho'ākāka 'ia, akā, no hoi, e hoouna aku i ka' epekema kūkā o chemists ka hou waiwai, i mea no ka ike ole hehee ai.

Antuan Balar i ka noiʻiʻana kai paakai haku mele 'ana. Lawe ma luna o ka mea lehulehu Nine Inch ho okolohua, ka mea, ua hoʻokahi lā hele ma ka pāʻoihana o ke chloro, a loaʻa i kekahi mauʻano a he lenalena hui. Lālau aʻela ia me he huahana o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o chlorine a me ka iodine ma ka pāʻoihana, ka mea i hou e makaikai i ke kūpono huahana. Malalo iho a hiki i ka i kēia kūlana kanaka.

• He hana o Etera;
• ʻona nō i loko o potasiuma hydroxide ;
• hoʻokō 'pyrolusite;
• Aʻu i malama aku i loko o sulfuricʻakika.

E like me ka hopena, oia loaa he yiaeaiiacaaeneiie brownish-ula wai a me kaʻawaʻawa loa ala. He ua bromine. A lailaʻo ia i kekahi akahele study o ke kino ai 'a me ka Nine Inch ano o keia waiwai. Hope hoouna aku i kekahi olelo ma luna o laila, i ho'ākāka 'ia i nā waiwai o ka bromine. Ka inoa, i haawi Balaram hehee ai ua murid, akā, ka mea, i ole mahaka.

I kēia manawa i ka maa inoa o ka bromine'Ātoma, i unuhi 'ia mai he Roma ia hoʻi, "smelly", "kā". Keia ua hoopau ai i ke hoʻopaʻa ma ka waiwai o kona poe noonoo ole waiwai. Makahiki o ka puka hehee ai - 1825.

Hiki degere o ka'okesaside o bromine

Ka poʻe e hiki inoa i kekahi mau. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i ke aloha i kona lolouila hoʻonohonohoʻia, bromine hiki e nā oxidizing a me ka hoemi ka waiwai, me ke akaka predominance o ka mea mua. Aia i elima hiki koho i:

• -1 - lalo'okesaside degere bromine;
• +1;
• +2;
• 3;
• 5;
• 7.

Ma ke ano maoli, loaʻa wale ka poe i huiʻia ma i nā hale a hehee ai i loko o ka io pono. 7 - ka mea i kā mākou degere o ka bromine'okesaside. Kona ka mea, ho'āʻoʻia oia hoi o HBrO ₄ bromicʻakika a bromates kona paʻakai (NaBrO _4). Ma mau, keia degere o ka'okesaside o ka bromine ka loa pohihihi keia, e like me elua. Akā, hui me -1; 3 a 5 - loa, he pono ole, a he nui,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ka Nine Inch hana, akā, i ka oihana lapaau, 'enekinia, a me ka' ē aʻe nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai.

Bromine me he mea waiwai

Ma lalo o maʻamau rula o ka hehee ai ma lalo noonoo mea he diatomic lātoma, naʻe, 'aʻole kinoea make a me ka wai. Loaʻawahia, fuming ma ka lewa, a me publishes heʻawaʻawa loa ala. ʻO ka'ēpoda, ma haʻahaʻa nā hoʻohui like hiki i'ā ma luna o kaʻili a me ka hookaawale ana o ka mucous membranes o ke kino. Inā, nae, mamua o ka aeia mai kali, e mea hiki ke suffocation a me ka make.

Ke Nine Inch haʻilula o ka haawi loli - br _2. Ka mea, ua maopopo i ua hana i ka hōʻailona mai ka inoa Helene o ka ukana - bromos. I ka pili ma waena o hookahi nā'ātoma, covalent nonpolar. KŘpa a nui'ātoma kahahńnai, no laila, bromo reacts he wale. Kēia i mea e hiki ai e hana ia kaiāulu i loko o Nine Inch syntheses, pinepine me he mea kemikala i loko o ka qualitative manao paa o ke aloha i huiʻia.

I ka mea waiwai,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i loko o ke ano maoli, no ka mea, ua hikiwawe volatilized i loko o ka palapala o ka ulaula-eleele uahi me he corrosive hopena. Wale nō i loko o ka palapala o keʻano o ka nunui-ke keʻena nenoai. Ke degere o ka'okesaside o bromine i huiʻia o nāʻano likeʻole hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka hehee ai me ka i ia mea e pane koke, a laila me kekahi waiwai.

physical waiwai

Kēia mau 'ano hiki ke kaheaia ma kekahi mau wahi.

1. Solubility i loko o ka wai - awelika, akā maikaʻi ma mua o ka mea 'ē aʻe halogens. ua kapaia paʻa kūhohonu loa bromine wai pāʻoihana, ka mea, i ka lepaʻano mea eleele waihoʻoluʻu.
2. Ka baila aʻela i wahi no ka wai - 59.2 ⁰ C.
3. Ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o ka -7.25 ⁰ C.
4. Ke ala - he pahi, kaʻawaʻawa loa, kńnaka.
5. Kala like 'ole - lepaʻano-eleele.
6. Helu moku'āina o ka poe noonoo ole waiwai - he kaumaha (kiʻekiʻe nuʻa), ao wai.
7. Electronegativity e like me ka unahiʻole, Pauling - 2.8.

Kēia mau 'ano lakou aloha ia na keʻano o ka hanaʻana no ka hoʻomākaukau i kēia hui, e like me kau i ka malama, e hooko me ka lōʻihi mālama nui e hana ana me ia wā.

Nine waiwai o ka bromine

Mai ka oiai ua o kemika, bromo hoi i loko o nāʻaoʻao. Ho'āʻoʻia a me oxidizing a me ka hoemi ka waiwai. Like a pau i nā hehee wale, ia mea hiki mai o ka'āponoʻana electrons mai ka emi electronegative i eliiaʻi a me nonmetals. Hoemi hope paha, oia mea he ikaika oxidizing konohiki, e like me:

• ka oxygen;
• fluoro;
• chloro;
• kekahiʻakika.

Maoli ai, ke degere o ka bromine kahi ka'okesaside loli aʻe mai -1 i +7. Me ka mea hōʻike hewa hiki pane koke hehee ai ma lalo o noonoo?

1. Me ka wai - i ka hopena o ka hui o nāʻakika (hydrobromic a me ka hypobromous).
2. Me nā iodides i Ua hiki ke pau ka bromo iodo o kona paʻakai.
3. A me nā mea a pau nonmetals 'ana ma mua o oxygen, kalapona, naikokene, a me ka hanohano kinoea.
4. Aneane pau na mea hiki ke hooheheeia like me ka ikaika oxidizing Agena. Me na waiwai e like me ka mea hō'ā kaʻa.
5. Ma reactions OVR bromo pinepine paipai 'ia ka'okesaside o ka hui. No ka laʻana, luaipele a me ka sulfite hoohuliia mai i loko o sulufahate Ion, iodine ma iodides like me ka mea waiwai.
6. C e hana mekala 'åkilikai bromides, bromates a gipobromatov.

A mau mea nui e bromine Nine Inch ka waiwai ia mea, o kekahi hapa o na nāʻakika a me ka paʻakai i hanaʻia e ia. Ma keia ano o ka loa ikaika waiwai e like me ka oxidant. He nui oi haʻi mua ia o ka mea waiwai.

? eaia

Ka mea i mākou e noonoo pono i ka waiwai nui a me kaʻiʻo i loko o nā hua'ōlelo o ka kemika, keʻae i kona makahiki? Iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o ka nui o ka 550 tausani tona. Ke aupuni ka luna ma luna o kēia mau nā hoailona:

• 'Amelika.
• China.
• Israel.

Hanalima noa bromine pōʻalo hana ma muli o ka iapaau ana pāʻoihana o ka paakai o ic ??, na punawai a me ka moana. O ia ka paʻakai o ka makemake hehee ai, i ua hoohuliia mai i loko oʻakika palapala. Ua Ua hooholoia ma ka ikaika ea kahawai a me ka mahu. Penei, he gaseous bromine. A laila, ka mea i malamaia lakou nei, me ka soda lehu , a me ka läÿau, o ka paʻakai paʻakai - bromides a me bromates. Lākou kākoʻo pāʻoihana ua acidified a me ka mākeke ua noa wai a waiwai.

Keʻena hoʻokolohua epekema no ka hoʻololi kemikala ma muli o ka pohupani hale o bromine me ka chlorine paʻakai a pau me ka ikaika halogen.

I ma ke ano maoli

Ma maemae palapala, ua ka mea, e noonoo pono i ka waiwai,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i loko o ke ano maoli, e like me ka mea ua fuming i loko o ka lewa o yiaeaiiacaaeneiie wai. Holo nōhie, he hapa o ka hui i ho'āʻo i ka palena iki degere o ka'okesaside o bromine -1. Kēia paakai hydrobromicʻakika - bromides. A ou wahi lihi iki o keia hehee ai accompanies maoli ka paʻakai chlorine - Silvina, carnallite, a me na mea e ae.

Nā minelala hao o ka bromine ua hamama hope ma mua iho. Ka loa, he pono ole o kēia mau mea ekolu:

• Embolism - he läÿau, o ka chlorine a me ka bromine me ke kālā;
• bromarginit;
• bromsilvinit - hui o potasiuma, makanekiuma a me ka bromine me ka ua nakiiia ma ka wai (mea pōaka hydrate).

Nō hoʻi, i kēia'ikamu ua me pono i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ke ola meaola. Kona deficiency hiki aku ai i ka likeʻole ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana maʻi, kāna hana, hiamoe kāna hana, a iaiyoe hoʻopilikia. I hou loa na olelo hooweliweli aku infertility. Fish, meaola holoholona hiki hoi bromo loaa i nui na mea ma ka palapala o ka paʻakai.

Ke kaupaona ana maʻiʻo o ka pńpa kīnā kona 0,0021%. Ua loaʻa he wahi lihi iki o ka paakai wai, a me ka pau Honua ka hydrosphere.

I huiʻia o ka bromine me ka haʻahaʻa'okesaside moku'āina

He aha degere o ka'okesaside ma bromine i loko o kona i huiʻia me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a hydrogen? Ka haahaa, i mea e hiki no keia'ikamu - hua kekahi. He mau wahi i pili, a ho i ka mea nui loa, he mea hiki kuala no ke kanaka.

1. HBr - hydrogen bromide (kinoea) a hydrobromicʻakika. Ma ka gaseous hoʻopiha moku'āina ka mea,ʻaʻohe kala like 'ole, akā, he pahi a me kaʻawaʻawa loaʻala, he hailona o ka uwahi. Ua loaʻa corrosive ana ma luna o ka mucous membranes o ke kino. Loa wailana i loko o ka wai, ho okumu iʻakika. Ua, ma ka huli, pili ia i na electrolytes ikaika, ia mea he maikai hoemi hope paha. Ua Ua hoʻololi 'ia no ka noa bromine ma ka hana o sulfuricʻakika, nitricʻakika a me ka oxygen. Hanalima nui me ke kumu o ka bromide ion, e lilo paʻakai me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia cations.
2. Bromides - laʻakika paʻakai i loko i ka degere o ka'okesaside o bromine i loko o ka ia ua like ia -1. Mea hiki hoihoi i: LiBr, a me KBr.
3. Na hui o ke aloha 'ano i loaʻa ka bromide ion.

I huiʻia me ka degere kiekie o ka'okesaside

Kēia loaʻa i ka helu o ka walaʻauʻana waiwai. I ka lani kiekie loa degere o ka bromine'okesaside ka 7, no laila, i loko o kēia mau i huiʻia ia mea e ia ia, a e ia.

1. Perbromicʻakika - HBrO _4. Ka loa ikaika loa o nā mea a pau iʻikeʻia nāʻakika no keia'ikamu, akā, i ka mea ia manawa, a me ka loa hoʻopale e hoouka ma ka ikaika hoemi konohiki. O ke kumu ho i ka kūikawā geometric 'ole o ka lātoma, a i ke kinona o ka tetrahedron pokole.
2. Perbromates -ʻakika paʻakai i hōʻike ma luna. No ia mau mea, e like me ka wehewehe aku ma ka mea i kā mākou degere o ka bromine'okesaside. Ka mea, e ikaika oxidizing konohiki, a pela e hana i loko o ka Nine Inch oihana puolo. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: NaBrO _4, KBrO _4.

I ka hoʻohana ana o bromine i huiʻia, a

He hiki no i hoʻokohu 'ia kekahi mau wahi ma a ka bromo hui, a loaʻa pololei palapala noi.

1. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo make.
2. No ka hana ana i kiʻi mea.
3. Like medicaments i kanaka (Bromine paʻakai).
4. Ma ke kaʻa hana,ʻo ia, e like me ka mea hoʻonui i ka kakolina.
5. Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka lapaau no ua hakumakuma ka flammability o kekahi ke aloha mea.
6. Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kaʻeli muds.
7. I ka mahiʻai, ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o aiiay insect sprayers.
8. E like me ka disinfectant a me ka disinfection pa alima, a me ka wai.

Ke liluwelo ia ma luna o ka meaola

Ka i koe a me ka nele o ka bromine i loko o ke kino i loa kaʻawaʻawa loa hopena.

A hiki Pavlov mua, e hooholo i ka hopena o keia hehee ai ma luna o nā mea ola. Animal haʻawina Ua hōʻike i lōʻihi-makahiki shortfall o bromide Ion hiki aku ai i ka:

• hana maʻamau o ke ko mākou hopohopo oihana;
• moe dysfunction;
• miscarriages a me infertility;
• ulu ka ho'ēmiʻana;
• emi i ka hemoglobin kiʻekiʻe;
• Kanikani'āʻula a no laila, ma luna o.

Excessive hoʻomāhuahua i loko o nā nā loko, a nā'aʻaʻa hiki aku ai i ka inhibition o ka hoohana ia ana o ka lolo a me ka spinalʻaha, kela mawaho ili maʻi.