Kalipuna hiʻona. kalipuna waiwai. kalipuna haʻilula

Mawaena o na kumu a pau o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana i mau o kēia mau mea, me ka i ulu ole wale i keʻano o ka maʻi i loko o ola meaola, akā, ma luna ia mea hiki ole ke noho i ka maʻamau ke ola a me ka ulu. I kekahi o kēia mau mea - kalipuna.

Interestingly, ka wā e hele mai ai i kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia like me ka mea waiwai, i ole hoʻohana ', ia i hana,ʻaʻole no ke kanaka, a me nā palapala. Eia naʻe, i kekahi i wale, e hōʻike i ka Ion Ca ^2+, e like me ke kuhikuhi ma laila mea he hailona o nā kumu i emi iho i ko lakou mea nui.

kalipuna kulana i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana

Ano o ke kalipuna, e like me kekahi 'ē hehee ai hoʻomaka me ke kulana o kona wahi i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e haawi mai i ka manawa e aʻo i ka hailona e pili ana i kēia'Ātoma:

• kauoha o ka nucleus;
• helu o nā electrons a me protons, neutrons;
• 'okesaside moku'āina, i ka lani kiekie loa, a hiki ilalo lilo;
• huina'ine hoʻonohonohoʻia, a me kekahi mau mea a pau.

Ke kahe mua mai o ka hehee ai i loko o ka ha o ka manawa, he nui ka lua pūʻulu, i ka papa kuhikuhiE hui, a mai ka pūkaʻina helu 20. hoʻi, ka Nine Inch papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papa hōʻike i ka'ātoma kaumaha o ke kalipuna - 40,08, i mea ka awelike waiwai o na isotopes o ka haawi mai'Ātoma.

Ke degere o ka'okesaside wale, He mau ikaika, ua like pu ia mau. Haʻilula kiekie ae'okesaside CaO. Ka Lakina inoa no ka hehee ai kalipuna, ma keia hope aku i ka hōʻailona Ca nā'ātoma.

Ano o ka kalipuna like me ka mea waiwai

Ma lalo o maʻamau rula o ka hehee ai mea he mea hiki ke hooheheeia, he kala-keʻokeʻo waihoʻoluʻu. kalipuna like me ka mea waiwai o ka haʻilula - Ca. Aie i ka mea kiʻekiʻe Nine Inch ha awina a me ka mea hiki ke ho okumu i ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka hui o i kekahi papa.

I ka paa moku'āina i loko o ke kanaka meaola ua i komo, mea no ia mea, nui no ka hanalima, a oaoieei-ana (ʻano nui Nine Inch syntheses).

Ka mea, o kekahi o ka loa pono o ke kaʻana like i loko o ka honua i ka pńpa mea hiki ke hooheheeia, ma kahi o 1.5%. Ua pili ia i ka hui kona'ākilikai honua, mai ka wā mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai e haawi i ko ka mekala 'åkilikai, akā, ua loaʻa i loko o ka aoao maoli i loko o ka palapala o ka lau nā minelala hao a me ka paʻakai. A hailona o ke kalipuna (400 mg / k) ua komo i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ke kai ka wai.

aniani puka olu oia

kalipuna hiʻona wehewehe aniani puka olu oia i 'ole i ka mea hiki ia i mau ano (mai loaʻa nō i ka Alpha a me ka Hoʻokolohua ke ano):

• cubic granetsentricheskaya;
• obemnotsentricheskaya.

Pilina maʻano ma ka lātoma - he mea hiki ke hooheheeia, he puka olu oia, e like a pau - metala'Ātoma Ion.

I ma ke ano maoli

Aia nō kekahi mau kumu waiwai i loko o ke ano maoli i pihaʻi me keia hehee ai.

1. Kai.
2. Pohaku a me nā minelala hao.
3. Ola meaola (pūpū a me nā pūpū, iwi, a no laila, ma luna).
4. Lepo i ka wai i loko o ka honua o ka pńpa.

Ua hiki ke Kû ke kēia mauʻano o nā pōhaku a me nā minelala hao i mea maoli kumu o ka kalipuna.

1. Dolomite - i ka läÿau, o ka pōhaku paʻapuna a me ka makanekiuma.
2. Fluorite - kalipuna fluoride.
3. Gypsum - CaSO ₄ · 2H ₂ O.
4. Calcite - chalk, limestone, pōhaku keʻokeʻo - paʻapuna.
5. Ipu - CaSO ₄ · 0.5H ₂ O.
6. Apatity.

Total kaʻawale ma kahi o 350ʻokoʻa nā minelala hao a me na pohaku i pihaʻi me kalipuna.

Nā Papahana no ka hoomakaukau

Ua nele i ka loaa i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia no ka manawa lōʻihi i loko o ka noa palapala, mai kona reactivity mea kiʻekiʻe i loko o ke ano maoli i loko o ke gula palapala,ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa. No laila, a hiki i ka XIX kenekulia (1808), i ka hehee ai ma ka nīnau i kekahi mea pohihihi, a i lawe i ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina.

ua hiki ke synthesize i ka English chemist Gemfri Devi kalipuna like me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. He ua ka mua loaa hiʻona o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka heheʻe o ÷ haku nā minelala hao a me ka paʻakai mai electrocution. I ka lā nō ka e loaa keia pili loa aoao o ka electrolysis o ka metala paakai a pau, e like me:

• i ka läÿau, o ke kalipuna a me ka potasiuma chlorides;
• i ka läÿau, o ke kalipuna fluoride a me ka koloriside.

Ua mea i hiki ke wehe i ka kalipuna'okesaside mai ia ma ka mea a pau i loko o metallurgy aluminothermy hana.

physical waiwai

hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma kalipuna hiʻona o ke kino ai' kiko'î a ma kekahi mau kumu.

1. State o aggregation - paa ma lalo o Ambient ana.
2. Heheʻe wahi - 842 ⁰ C.
3. Metal palupalu, hiki ke okioki me ka pahi.
4. Kala like 'ole - silvery keʻokeʻo, ka lā'ī.
5. Conduction a he maikai wela-e mālama nei i ka waiwai.
6. Hooloihi ae i paio hahana maoli nō pio i ke kinowai, alaila uahi moku'āina, losing i ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Ka baila aʻela i wahi o ka 1484 ⁰ C.

Helu waiwai o ka kalipuna i kekahi hiʻona. A hiki i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea ma lalo o ka puʻuwai, ia i kekahi manawa haalele i kona mea hao waiwai, a me ka hiki i ka conductivity. Eia naʻe, me ka hou hoomahuahua i ka waiū ua hoemi a hou hoike mai ai ia ia iho me he superconductor, ia mea mau manawa nui ma mua o ka mea 'ē aʻe hehee wale no mau nā hoailona.

Nine Inch mall

I ka ha awina o ka metala ka loa kiʻekiʻe. Nolaila, ua nui na hana kūleʻa, ma i kalipuna komo. Reactions me ka 'ole-i eliiaʻi a pau no ia - he mau mea, no ka mea, me ka hoemi hope,ʻo ia ka loa ikaika.

1. Ma lalo o maʻamau kumu ka mea, ua hooholo koke reacted e hana i ka AYEIE aeaie i huiʻia me: halogens, ka oxygen.
2. Ma ka hahana maoli nō kēia, hydrogen, naikokene, kalapona, silikone, phosphorus, boron, ka luaipele, a me na mea e ae.
3. Ke ao o waho koke reacted me ke kalapona'okikene lua a me ka oxygen, no laila, uhi oho ua pua i nā.
4. ʻakika reacts lawe wale, i kekahi manawa me ka li nui.

Mea waiwai o ka kalipuna ikea ka wā e hele mai ai i ona lā i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka paʻakai. Penei, nani ana stalactites a me stalagmites, i ulu ma ka palena a me ka pā, ka mea like paʻapuna, i hanaʻia me ka manawa o ka wai, i carbon dioxide a me ka hydrogen ma keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka groundwater.

E manao anaʻeleu metala i loko o ka maʻamau noho, malama ia i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, e like me ka pono i kona'ākilikai. Ma ka pouli aniani ipu me ka sila pani, a ma lalo o ka, ahu iho o ka kerosene a paraffin.

Qualitative naoh ma kalipuna ion - o ka lapalapa ana i nā pōpō i loko o ka maikai, piha pōhaku lepo-ula waihoʻoluʻu. Kekahi hōʻike 'metala i huiʻia hiki ke haku o ka insoluble kimu o kekahi o kona paʻakai (paʻapuna, fluoride, sulufahate, posapahate, silicate, sulfite).

mea hiki ke hooheheeia hui

ʻano likeʻole o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia kēia hui:

• 'okesaside;
• hydroxide;
• kalipuna paakai (awelika,ʻakika, walaʻauʻana, papalua, eiiieaena).

Kalipuna'okesaside ua ike like quicklime. CaO ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana i ka hale i nā puke (Lime). Inā'okesaside kinai i ka wai, ua loaa i ka AYEIE hydroxide, mekala 'åkilikai ulu waiwai.

O ka nui he mea hiki keia mea okoa kalipuna paʻakai, a i hoʻohana i kekahi nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai. He aha ka mea, paʻakai, mākou i ua kau aʻela ma luna. Mākou e hāʻawi aku i kekahi ano he kumu hoʻohālike o kēia mauʻano o ka hui.

1. Medium paʻakai - kalepona CaCO _3, posapahate Ca ₃ (PO _{4) 2} a me na mea e ae.
2. ʻakika - sulufahate CaHSO _4.
3. Key - hydrogencarbonate (CaOH) ₃ PO _4.
4. Complex - [Ca (NH _{3) 8]} Cl _2.
5. Pālua - 5Ca (NO _{3) 2} * NH ₄ NO ₃ * 10H ₂ O.

Ua mea ma ka palapala o ka hui o keia ano o ke kalipuna mea nui no ka liluwelo nenoai, e like me he kumu o Ion i ke kino, he paʻakai.

Ka liluwelo kūlana

He aha ka ka mea o ka kalipuna no ke kanaka kino? Aia nō kekahi mau kumu.

1. He kēia hehee ai Ion i kekahi hapa o ka intercellular waiwai, a me ka'aʻaʻa loli, e komo i loko o ka rula o ka excitation maomeka hōmona a me neurotransmitters.
2. Kalipuna accumulates i ka iwi, niho enamel i loko o ka nui o kahi o 2,5% o ka nui kino kaumaha. He loa ka hailona, a Radio kūlana ano nui i ma ka hooikaika ana i kēia mau hale, aua mai la i ko lakou ikaika a me ka kumupaʻa. Ka ulu ana o ka meaola mea hiki ole ole ia.
3. Ke koko clotting mea no hoi e kaukaʻi ma ka noʻonoʻo Ion.
4. He hapa o ka naau Muscle e komo i loko o kona excitation a me ka contraction.
5. Anei i kekahi 'aoʻao i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka exocytosis a me nā intracellular loli.

Inā i ka nui o ke kalipunaʻai ana mea i lawa, he mea hiki i ka hooulu ana o ka maʻi e like me:

• rickets;
• osteoporosis;
• koko maʻi.

Na kela la i keia uku no ka makua - 1,000 mg, a me na keiki, mai 9 makahiki o 1300 mg. I mea e pale aku i ka loaʻa pākeu i loko o ke kino o keia hehee ai e ole oi aku i ka hōʻike 'ana mahele lāʻau. I ole ia, oe e hoʻomōhala na naau oʻu maʻi.

No ka mea, a pau nā mea ola mea kalipuna mea i emi nui. No ka laʻana, he nui invertebrates ,ʻaʻole naʻe e mai i ka iwi, akā, mawaho paha o ka hooikaika ana ia lakou e like me ka mea i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia me ka ho okumu. I waena o lākou:

• ka pūpū;
• mussels a me oysters;
• ka huahuakai;
• koʻa polyps.

A pau e komo ana ma ko lakou mau kua a ma ka rula, e hanaʻia i loko o ka kaʻina hana o ke ola exoskeleton i malama ia mai mawaho ololi a me Moana. Ke kumu nui ke keʻena o ka mea - kalipuna paakai.

Vertebrate holoholona, e like kānaka, Pono, e ke noonoo Ion no maʻamau ka ulu a me ka ulu, a e lawe ia mai ai.

Kalipuna-i loaʻa lāʻau

He nui nā koho me ke kōkua o i ia mea hiki i ka e mai i ke koa wiwoʻole hehee ai i loko o ka maʻamau kino. Maikaʻi loa, o ka papa, ma kona ano maoli ki ina hana like - me nā huahana i loaʻa i ka makemake'Ātoma. Eia naʻe, ina no kekahi kumu ka mea, he mea hiki ole paha i lawa, ka 'inikua ala mea i maliuia mai.

Ke'ī mai, i ka papa inoa o nā huahana i loaʻa ka kalipuna, e like keia:

• ka waiu a me ka waiu me nā huahana;
• iʻa;
• greens;
• kiliala (buckwheat, raiki, kālua a pau ka hua palaoa);
• kekahi citrus hua (alani, tangerines);
• mohihi;
• All hua pisetakia (oi alemona a me walnuts).

Inā ma kekahiʻai allergy a hiki i hana ia no kekahi na kumu e ae, o ka maona nui o ka mea i makemake hehee ai i loko o ke kino, e kōkua i ke kalipuna-i loaʻa ai '.

nō ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia paʻakai i nā hiki o ka hoopuni hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo a pau o lakou, kokeʻona nō i loko o ke koko a me ka naʻau liʻiliʻi. Iwaena o lakou i ka loa hanohano a me ka pono nō kēia.

1. kalipuna koloriside - pāʻoihana no ka pahu kui a no ka moʻolelo i hōʻike ai no nā mākua a me nā keiki. Kekahi lehulehu o ka paʻakai i loko o ka haku mele 'ana hoʻohana no ka "wela pana pua aku makou" no ka mea, ke kumu o ka manao, i ka wa vkalyvaniem. Aia mau ano me ka hua wai, e kōkua ai i nā 'ai, inu.
2. Kalipuna gluconate. Available me pellets (0.25 a 0.5 g), a me nā kākoʻo pāʻoihana no intravenous ka pahu kui. Pinepine i loko o ka palapala o ka huaale nā likeʻole hua flavors.
3. Kalipuna lactate - i loaʻa i loko o na papa o ka 0.5 g.