Laina accelerators o kauoha (particles). E like me ka huna accelerators hana. No ke aha huna accelerators?

Ke accelerator o hoopiiia (particles) - ka mea, ma kahi a ka laau o ka uila i hoopiiia'ātoma paha subatomic (particles) e holo ana i kokoke i ka māmā holo. Ke kumu o kona hana mea e pono māhuahua kā lākou ikehu ma ka uila kahua , a hoʻololi i ke ala -ʻume mākenēki.

He aha e huna accelerators?

Mau manao maalea e hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o kekahi mau kihapai o ka 'epekema a me ka hana. I ka lā, nā hualoaʻa a laila, he oi aku 30 tausani. No ka mea ke kālaikūlohea o hoopiiia huna accelerators malama i kahi mea paahana o ke kumu o noiʻi ma o ka 'ole o nā'ātoma, i ke ano o ka nukelea koa a me nukelea ka waiwai, a e ole ana maoli ai. Ka hope nā transuranic a me nā lolelua ka oihana mua.

Me ka hookuuia şarkı ua lilo hiki e hooholo i ka ho'ākāka 'ia i malama. i papa mai huna accelerators e hoʻohana no ka? iecaianoaaiiie o radioisotopes, ma ka hanalima radiography, radiotherapy, no ka sterilization o liluwelo mea, a me ka radiocarbon Ka Ikepili. Ka nui loa huahelu i hoʻohana 'ia ma o ka hoʻopaʻa' ana i nā paepae hana kūleʻa.

I ka wa e ola ana o ka mea i hoopiiia (particles) ma koena me ka pili ana i ka accelerator mea uuku ma mua ia o ka (particles) hōʻeleu i ka māmā holo a kokoke i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama. Kēia keʻae i ka kŘpa a uuku dala o ka manawa AYN. No ka laʻana, ma CERN ua, ua loaʻa ka hua i loko o ka wa e ola ana o ka muon 0,9994c māmā 29 manawa.

He 'atikala nana i ka Ka maloko a me ka hana huna accelerator, kona ulu ana, nāʻano a me kekahi mau hiʻona.

hoʻonui nā loina

Nānā 'ole no ka ano o na mea i papa huna accelerators oe i ike, ka mea, a pau i na oihana mua. Mua, ka mea pono i kekahi kumu o electrons i loko o ka hihia o ke kīwī kiʻi şarkı paha electrons, protons a me kā lākou mau antiparticles ma ka hihia o ka nui nā mea hoʻonoho. Eia kekahi, ka mea pono a pau i uila kula e hōʻeleu i (particles) a me kaʻume mākenēki mahinaʻai i ka pāʻana i ko lākou ala. Eia hou, ke holo i loko o ka papa huna accelerator (10 ^-11 mm o Hg, V.), M. E. A palena iki nui o koena ea, ua koi 'ia e hōʻoia i ka lōʻihi manawa kedera ola. Eia hoi, na nā mea hoʻonoho a pau pono i helu hoʻi, i ka helu a me ka ana o ka hōʻeleu i (particles).

hanauna

Electrons a me protons, a i ka hapanui mau hoʻohana 'ia i loko o accelerators, ua loaʻa i loko o nā mea a pau i nā pono hana, akā, mua ka mea, e koho mai ia. Electrons nō kāu e ua loaʻa i loko o ka like me ia ma ke kiʻi şarkı - i loko o ka mea i kapaʻia he "pu". He He cathode (io'ūholo uila) i loko o ka holo, i mea wela i ka moku'āina kahi electrons hoʻomaka e hele aku i nā nā'ātoma. Negatively papa mai (particles) e o Laielohelohe i ka anode (maikaʻi'ūholo uila) a me kekahi, ma ka mākeke. Ka pu ia mea simplest like me ka accelerator, no ka mea electrons e neʻe maila ma lalo o ka aoao o ka pila nui kahua. Ke anakahi uila ma waena o ka cathode a me ka anode, nō kāu ma ka laulā 50-150 kV.

Kaawale mai electrons i loko o nā mea na protons, akā, wale he hookahi proton nucleus haku o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma. No laila, ke huna kumu no ka proton accelerators mea hydrogen kinoea. Ma keia hihia, ke kinoea ua ionized a me na protons i aia ma ka puka. I ka nui accelerators protons i pinepine i hanaʻia i loko o ka palapala o ka io hydrogen Ion. Ka mea, ho i ka hou huina'ine mai nā'ātoma a nō i ka huina hoonui o ka diatomic kinoea ionization. Mai ka negatively papa hydrogen Ion ma ke kuʻina ka loiloi mua o ka hana maʻalahi. A laila, e hele ma ka lahilahi pepa kini, i hoonele ia i electrons mua o ka kahua hope loa o ka hoʻonui.

hoʻonui

E like me ka huna accelerators hana? A ki hiʻona o nā mea a pau o ia mea i ka pila nui kahua. Na simplest laʻana - kaʻaʻahu kūpaʻa ke kahua ma waena o ka maikaʻi a me ka io uilaʻia, like i ka mea i ole ma waena o ka maʻi o ka pila nui o na pu ki. Keia huina'ine kahua e hali ana i ka hopena maikaʻi kauoha, ua waihoia i ke koa i kuhikuhi ia he maikaʻiʻia no. Ua hōʻeleu i ia, a ina he mea ia e kū ana ma ke alanui, i kona māmā holo a me ka mana māhuahua. Electrons neʻe maila i ka maikaʻiʻia ma ma ka uea 'ole i loko o ka lewa, a me collide me na nā'ātoma lilo ikehu, akā, inā e i ke aupuni' o vacuo, laila hōʻeleu i like lākou e hoʻokokoke mai i ka anode.

Hoʻopilikia ma waena o ka hoʻomaka 'ana a me ka hopena kulana o ka huina'ine hoakaka kuai ia ikehu. I ka hele ma kekahi ikehu koena unuhi o ka 1 V mea like i 1 huina'ine-volt (eV). Kēia mea like i 1,6 × 10 ^-19 joule. Ka ikaika o ka lele mosquito trillion manawa hou aku. I kinescope electrons e hōʻeleu i anakahi uila i oi mamua o 10 kV. He nui accelerators hiki nui kiekie ae ikaika ana mega, giga a me ka tera-huina'ine-volts.

? ueo

Kekahi o ka mua ke ano o ka huna accelerators, e like me ke anakahi uila multiplier a me ka mīkini hana wāwahie van de Ka Graaff mīkini hana wāwahie, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka ikaika uila kahua ua loaʻa ma ka Loaʻaʻia o ka mai a hiki i ka miliona volts. Me na mea kiʻekiʻe voltages hana maʻalahi. A oi mea hiki kekahi papa hana o ka hai hana o ka poe ikaika ole pou mahinaʻai hua haʻahaʻa Loaʻaʻia. Keia rula ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā' ano mau o kēia accelerators - laina a me ka cyclic (ʻano nui cyclotrons a me synchrotrons). Laina huna accelerators, ma ka pōkole, maalo ae ia koke ma ke kaʻina o accelerating mahinaʻai, i ka wā o ka cyclically na manawa he nui e hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka hoʻopoepoe ala ma ka kŘpa a uuku ka pila kahua. Ma nā hihia a pau, i ka ikehu hope o na (particles) hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka huina kahua o ka hana, no laila, ua nui ka poe liilii, "bumps" i pākuʻi pu, e haawi aku i ka hoʻohui pūʻia hopena o ka hookahi nui.

Ke repetitive 'ole o ka laina accelerator hiki paha ke uila kihapai ma ke ano maoliʻaoʻao mea e hoʻohana i ka AC,ʻaʻole DC. Ua olelo ikaika mai, papa mai (particles) e hōʻeleu i ka hopena maikaʻiʻia ia, a kiʻi i ka hou impetus, ina kekahi maikaʻi. Ma ka hana pono, pono e hoʻololi loa koke ke anakahi uila. No ka laʻana, ma ka ikaika o ka 1 MeV proton Pńk'pika ma kiʻekiʻe loa mämä holo o ka mämä holo o ka malamalama o ka 0,46, maalo ae la oia 1.4 m + o 0,01 MS. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i loko o ka hana hou' ia 'ole o kekahi mau mika loa, ka uila mahinaʻai pono hoʻololi olelo i ke alapine (frequency) o ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 100 MHz. Laina a me cyclic accelerators (particles) pele hoʻopuehu au iā lākou i ka alternating uila kahua alapine (frequency) mai ka 100 MHz a hiki i 3000, 'ole. E. Ma ka laulā o ka Radio ale i microwaves.

Ka hawewe electromagnetic i kekahi hui malu pu ana o oscillating uila a me kaʻume mākenēki kula oscillating ma ka'ākau, pana pua i kekahi i kekahi. Ke ki wahi mea e hoʻomaʻa i ka accelerator nalu no laila ia i ka hōʻeaʻana mai o nā (particles) ka uila ke kahua ua kuhikuhi i kulike ai me ka hoʻonui maʻi lele. Ua hiki ke hana ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi e ku ana ka nalu - ka huihui' ana o nä hawewe e holo ana ma ke alo oʻaoʻao i loko o ka paʻa pokole, i ke kani ale i loko o ka paipu hui,. I kekahi kohoʻano no ka hoʻomaka koke neʻe electrons kona velocities kokoke i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama, he hele nalu.

autophasing

An nui hopena o ka hoʻonui i loko o ka alternating uila ke kahua o ka "pae kumupaʻa". I kekahi oscillation kalapona alternating ke kahua hele ma 'Aʻohe mai ka i kā mākou cia hoʻi i ka' Aʻohe, e emi ma ka palena iki, a pii i ka 'Aʻohe. Penei, e hele palua ma ka nui koi 'ia no ka hoʻonui. Inā he huna kona māmā holo, piʻi pū, hele nui i kakahiaka nui,ʻaʻole ia e hana i ka mahinaʻai o makou i ka ikaika, a me ka pahu aku ai i e e nawaliwali. Ka wā e hiki i ka kekahi wahi, i ka hoao ana i ka hopena, a oi hopena. E like me ka hopena, pakiko-phasing i, na (particles) e ia ma ka pae me kēlā me kēia kula i loko o ka accelerating māhele 'āina. Kekahi kanawai o ka Hoʻohui 'ia ia lakou i ka manawa e hana i kekahi clot ma mua hoʻi o ke ana kahawai.

Ke kuhikuhi ana o ka mea nana i ulana

An nui kūlana ma ana i ka hana a me ka huna accelerator, pāʻani a me kaʻume mākenēki mahinaʻai, e like me ka mea hiki ke hoʻololi i ka olelo o ko lākou neʻe. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana' ia no "anuenue" o ke kaola i loko o ka hoʻopoepoe ala, no laila, ka mea pinepine i hooholoia ma ka ia accelerating pauku. I ka simplest hihia, ma luna o ka papa mai huna i luli i ka huina akau i ka olelo o ka homogeneousʻume mākenēki kula, he poe maʻi lele ÷ haku i nā o kona neʻeʻana, a me ke kahua. Keia ke kumu o ka laau e hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka hoʻopoepoe ala p ÷ haku i ka mahinaʻai, a ka mea hele mai mai o kona kahua o ka hana 'ole' ē aʻe ikaika hoʻomaka i ka hana ma luna o laila. Ua hookoia ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o cyclic accelerators e like me ka synchrotron a me ka cyclotron. Ma ka cyclotron, ka ikaika ke kahua ua hua mai la ia e ka Mākēneki nui. (Particles) me ka mahuahua o ko lākou mau ikehu neʻe spirally mawaho hōʻeleu i kēlā me kēia kipi. Ke synchrotron clots neʻeʻana a puni ke komolima me kekahi mau kahahńnai, a me ke kahua ua loaʻa ma na electromagnets puni ke apo no ka ihu, piʻi pū me na (particles) e hōʻeleu i. ʻO nā mākēneki hoomaopopo ana "anuenue", ho i dipoles me ka akau a me ka hema auamo, kūlou i loko o ka horseshoe shape no laila, i ka laau hiki ke hele therebetween.

Ka lua o ka nui hana o na electromagnets mea e kālele ana i nā kaola no laila, i ka mea e ai haiki a me ka, pili me hiki. Ka simplest ano o ka hoʻomālama Mākēneki - me eha mauʻauamo (elua'ākau a me nā hema) ke aupuni 'e ku pono ana kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea, lele i ka (particles) a hiki i ke kikowaena ma kekahi ala e hiki aku, akā, ae aku ia lakou e e māhele aku i loko o ka p ÷ haku. Quadrupole nā mākēneki kālele ana i ka laau horizontally, hiki aku la ia ia e hele aku mai o ka pulakaumaka hoʻopapakū. E hana i kēia, ka mea pono e hoʻohana i ka hui. No ka hou pololei hoʻomālama mea i hoʻohana 'oi Ka Uluwehi O Ke nā mākēneki me ka helu nui o nāʻauamo, (6 a me 8).

Mai ka ikaika o ka huna, piʻi pū, i ka ikaika o kaʻume mākenēki kula, kauoha ana iā lākou, piʻi pū. Kēia malama i ka laau ma ka ia ala. Na ka bata Ua hoʻolauna i loko o ke apo no ka ihu, a ua hōʻeleu i ka ikehu makemake mua ka mea hiki ke haalele iho, a hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ia mea. Retraction ua loaʻa ma electromagnets a i ho'ā 'ia paha i ka pahu i ka (particles) mai ka synchrotron apo hookahi.

hookui hookahe koko ana

Papa mai huna accelerators hoʻohana ma ka laau lapaau a me ka hana,ʻano nui paka i ka laau no i kekahi mea, e laʻa me, irradiation a ion implantation. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka (particles) i hoʻohana hookahi. Ke oia ua oiaio o accelerators hoʻohana i ka walaʻauʻana noiʻi no na makahiki. Akā, na apo i? Ac? I ka makahiki 1970, ma ka i nā kaola ai hoʻolahaʻia i loko o ke alo oʻaoʻao, a collide a puni ka huakai kaapuni. Ke kumu nui ia Morohiha o ia nenoai mea i loko o ka frontal hookui hookahe koko ana i ka ikehu o (particles) e hele ana i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ikehu ma waena o lākou. Kēia Akä naÿe no ia me ka hana i ka wā o ka laau collides me ka wahi kiʻi, ma ka i hihia loa o ka ikehu i ka ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka pale umauma hoʻokahi nā ma ka noi, i kulike ai me ka rula o ka mālama o ka momentum mea.

Kekahi machines me colliding kaola i kūkulu i nā apo, intersecting i elua a oi wahi, ma i hoʻolahaʻia i loko o ke alo oʻaoʻao, nā (particles) o ka mea hookahi type. More like collider huna-antiparticle. Antiparticle i ka mea ku pono ana i malama o ka pili (particles). No ka laʻana, ka mea positron, ua ikaika i hoopiiia, a me ka electrons - negatively. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mahinaʻai e hōʻeleu i ka huina'ine, ke positron' aʻole hoʻi ia, neʻe maila i loko o ka e like me mamua. Akā, inā he mau holoholona e neʻe aku i loko o ka e ku pono kuhikuhi, ka mea e hōʻeleu i. Like me, he huina'ine hele ma kaʻume mākenēki kahua makemake hālawa i ka hema, a me ka positron - pono. Akā, inā i ka positron ua neʻe i mua, a laila, i kona ala, e hoʻomau e deviate i ka akau, akā, ma ka mea hookahi hālawa like ia o ka huina'ine. Naʻe, i kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka (particles) ke holo i loko o ka apo o ka synchrotron hookahi nā mākēneki a hōʻeleu i ma ka ia uila mahinaʻai i loko o ke alo oʻaoʻao. Ma keia rula i hana mai i na mea he nui loa aku kou mana colliders colliding kaola, 'ole. To. Ka wale pono hoʻokahi apo accelerator.

Kaola i loko o ka synchrotron uaʻaʻole e neʻe noke a noniakahi i loko o "ōpū." Ka mea hiki e mau kenimika ma ka lōʻihi, a me ka hapaumi o ka millimeter i loko o ke anawaena, a hoʻohui pū ma kahi o 10 ¹² (particles). Kēia haʻahaʻa nuʻa, no ka mea, o ka nui o ua mea he ma kahi o ^{23 October} nā'ātoma. Nolaila, i ka wa a ka colliding kaola intersect, he mea wale nō ka meaʻuʻuku pahiki i na (particles) e pane koke me kekahi i kekahi. I mea clots hoʻomau i ka neʻeʻana a puni ke apo no ka ihu, a hui hou. High holo i loko o ka accelerator o ka papa (particles) (10 ^-11 mm o Hg. V.) Ua koi 'ia ma ka mea i ka (particles) ke kūhōhō no na hora he nui me ka hookui hookahe koko ana me ka lewa nā lātoma. No laila, i ke apo no ka ihu ua i kapaia ka lōʻihi, no ka mea, kaola maoli waiho waho maloko no kekahi mau hola.

kakau ana

Papa mai huna accelerators i loko o ka hapanui ke aaeno ia lŘlŘ ka wā o nā (particles) pa a ke ku i ka pale kaua a me ka 'ē aʻe mea nana i ulana, neʻe maila i loko o ke ku pono ana i ka ao ao. Ma ke kīwī kiʻi şarkı, electrons mai o ka pu, e pepehi i ka phosphor pale ma luna o ka pāʻili, a hoʻokuʻu akula i ka malamalama, a hiki recreates i ka pū i hiki kiʻi. Ma accelerators ia hana kūikawā detectors pane koke i hele liilii (particles), akā, ka mea, e ana ke hoʻololi i ka ho okumu ana i pou no lepa i hiki ke hoohuliia mai i kamepiulaʻikepili, a ua kālailai ka hoʻohana kamepiula papahana. Wale papa mai hehee wale paka pou mau lepa a maalo ae la oia ma ka mea, no ka laʻana ma ka ionization a excitation o nā'ātoma, a ua hiki ke 'akomi i pololei. Ke'ākilikai (particles) e like me neutrons a photons hiki ke 'akomi i kahiko o ka'āina ma ka hana o ka papa (particles) e ka mea, i loko o ka noi.

He nui hana kūikawā detectors. Kekahi o ia mau mea, e like me ka Geiger eea, he huna helu, a me nā hoʻohana, e laʻa me, no ka hoʻopaʻa meheu a māmā holo ana o ka ikaika. Hoikehonua, detectors ma ka nui a me ka 'ike loea, hiki oko a mai ka poe liilii, kauoha hui maalea i ka nui kinoea-piha keʻena me nā kaula i huai ae ionized meheu hua mai la ia e kaki (particles).

moʻolelo

Papa mai huna acceleratorsʻano nui hoʻomohala no ka haʻawina o ka waiwai o'ātoma nuclei a me ka haʻahaʻa (particles). Mai ka puka ana o ka Beritania physicist Ernest Rutherford i ka 1919, ka naoh o ka naikokene nucleus a me ka Alpha huna, a pau i ka noiʻi i loko o ke kula o nukelea ke kālaikūlohea i ka 1932 i lawe mai me ka helium nuclei, nolaila ia i kuu ia ma ka hoʻopöʻino 'o maoli radioactive hehee wale. Natural Alpha-(particles) i ka ikehu kinetic o 8 MeV, akā, Rutherford manaoio i ka mea pono e artificially hōʻeleu i ke ahiahi, ma luna aiee no ka mālamaʻana i ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ka mea kaumaha nuclei. I ka manawa ia mea pilikia. Naʻe, i ka i ka ho omaulia i ka 1928 ma Georgiem Gamovym (ma ke Kulanui o Göttingen, Germany), hoike mai i na Ion hiki ke hoʻohana i nui lalo ikaika, a me keia ua hauma¯na ho'āʻo e kūkulu i ka hale e hoʻolako i ka laau kupono no nukelea Research.

Other hanana o kēia wā i hōʻike ai i nā kumu mua ana i ka hoopiiia huna accelerators i kukuluia a hiki i kēia lā. Ka muaʻana ho okolohua me artificially hōʻeleu i Ion i paʻa Cockroft a me Walton i ka 1932 ma Kamepelika University. Ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke anakahi uila multiplier, e hōʻeleu i protons i 710 keV, a hoike mai i ka la mahope pane koke me ka likiuma e lilo mau Alpha (particles). I ka 1931, ma ke kulanui 'o New Jersey, Robert van de Ka Graaff electrostatic kāʻei kukulu i ka mua kiʻekiʻe-Loaʻaʻia mīkini hana wāwahie. Anakahi uila multiplier Cockcroft-Walton nā mīkini uila a me van de Ka Graaff mīkini hana wāwahie ua nō hoʻohana i ikehu kumu no accelerators.

I ka rula o ka laina resonant accelerator i hōʻikeʻike Rolf Widerøe i ka 1928. Na Rhine-Westphalian E noa ka University ma Aachen, Germany, oia hoʻohana he kiʻekiʻe AC anakahi uila e hōʻeleu i ka paʻakai, a potasiuma Ion i ka ikaika a me ka oi o nā manawa, e haʻi aku iā ia. I ka 1931 i loko o ka United States Ernest Lourens, a me kona mau kānaka kōkua ma David Sloan o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Berkeley, hoʻohana i ka kiʻekiʻe-alapine nā mahinaʻai e hōʻeleu i Hereme Ion i ka ikaika a oi aku ma mua o 1,2 MeV. Keia hana ua complemented accelerator o kaumaha i hoopiiia (particles) Wideröe, akā, i ka ion kaola mea i pono keia mau mea i loko o nukelea noiʻi.

ʻume mākenēki resonance accelerator a cyclotron, Ua hapai like me ka hooponopono hou ana o Lawrence Wideröe mea hoʻonoho. Student Lawrence Livingston i hōʻike ai i ka rula o ka cyclotron i ka 1931, ka hana ana i na Ion me ka ikaika o ka 80 keV. I ka 1932, Lawrence, a Livingston kūkala i ka hoʻonui o protons i ka oi ma mua o 1 MeV. Hope i loko o nā 1930s, ikehu cyclotrons hiki aku ma kahi o 25 MeV, a me ka van de Ka Graaff - ma kahi o 4 MeV. I ka 1940, Donald Kerst, ana i ka hopena o akahele ho o ka Astronomical a hiki i ka Mākēneki 'ole, i kukulu ia ma ke Kulanui o Illinois, ka mua betatron,ʻume mākenēki hoʻokomo huina'ine accelerator.

Hoikehonua, ke kālaikūlohea: huna accelerators

Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II ua kokololio holomua ma o ka 'epekema o accelerating (particles) e kiʻekiʻe ikaika a. Ua hoomaka Edwin McMillan ma Berkeley, a Vladimir Veksler ma Moscow. I ka makahiki 1945, ka mea, i nā kū kaʻawale mai kekahi i kekahi, ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka rula o ka pae kumupaʻa. Kēia manaʻo e kaumaha ana i ka mea e malama i ka hale lio orbits o na (particles) i loko o ka hoʻopoepoe accelerator i wehe 'ia kapu ma ka proton ikehu a kōkua hana i kekahiʻume mākenēki resonance accelerators (synchrotrons) no ka electrons. Autophasing, i ka manaʻo o ka loina o ka pae kumupaʻa, ua hookupaa iho la ia ma hope o ka hana ana o kekahi mea uuku synchrocyclotron ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi a me ka synchrotron maʻEnelani. Koke mahope, ua hanaia ka mea mua proton laina resonant accelerator. Keia rula ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā mea a pau nui proton synchrotrons kukulu hope o laila.

I ka 1947, William Hansen, ma Stanford Kulanui ma California, kūkulu i ka mua huina'ine laina accelerator ma ka hele nalu, a hoʻohana hawewe enehana a i ua hoʻomohala no Radar ma ka Apana o ke Kaua Honua.

Holomua ma ke ao i i hiki ma ka hoʻoulu i ka proton ikehu, a alakai ai i ka hana o ka loa nui accelerators. Kēia nā mea kū i ke kiʻekiʻe manufacturing he nunui Mākēneki ke komo lima i ua hoʻi i kāpiliʻia. Ka nui loa kaupaona a puni 40.000 tona. Nā Papahana no ka hoʻoulu i ka ikehu me ka mīkini nui ka ulu ana i loiloi ma kahi o ka makahiki 1952 godu Livingstone, Courant a Snyder i kekahiʻano hana o ka alternating hoʻomālama (i kekahi manawa, kahea ikaika hoʻomālama). Synchrotrons hana ma keia rula, hoʻohana nā mākēneki 100 mau manawa uuku ma mua o mua. Oia hoʻomālama ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā mea a pau kēia synchrotrons.

I ka makahiki 1956 Kerst ike ia ina ka hoʻopaʻa i ka 'elua o (particles) e hoopaa mai i intersecting orbits, e hiki kiai ia collide. I ka palapala noi o kēia manaʻo koi 'ia i ka hoʻomāhuahua hōʻeleu i kaola i loko o ka pōʻaiapuni, i kapaʻia ka lōʻihi. Kēia enehana Ua loaʻa i ka ikehu i kā mākou o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN (particles).