Mōʻaukala o ka helu 'Aʻohe. He aha ka i ka helu 0?

Ka nele no ka helu lilo'ē aʻe i ke kanaka, mai ka hoomaka ana mai o ke kahua o ka primitive lehulehu. Lākou laulā nenoai, a me kekahi i maopopo kahi numerals, i hanaʻia ma nā mea a pau o ka-oaio? A kaawale o ka noho ana ma Aigupita, a kahiko Babulona, Kina a me India, a me South American Indians i kahiko Greece. Makemakika Ua hoʻomohala mai i ka mea helu o nā 'ikamu i hoʻoponopono i luna' kumumanaʻo topology. Ma keia hihia, i ka moʻolelo o ka 'Aʻohe i wale i kekahi wahi hapa iki o keia wā.

Numbers a oeeo?

Mai ka Lakina nullis ( "ole") ua i ka olelo i kekahi o ka mea nui makemakika manaÿo. Ua nāʻAʻole wale i ka hōʻailona - he aka e kōkua ai i nāʻai, mooolelo makemakika hana. Kēia a pau manaʻo. I ka wa e kaawale aku o kekahi dala, me ka'ōlohelohe, ke kumu a me ka mana loa - he philosophical e pili ana i këia mau manaÿo, uaʻokoʻa i loko o kekahi mau lā, i loko o kekahi 'oihana worldview.

Positional helu'ōnaehana

I prehistoric manawa, calculus kōkua malama manamana lima a me nā manamana wāwae. E mahele i helu i loko o na la elima, a me na umi, i ke kumu o ka kekimala helu'ōnaehana ua pili i keia. I ka wā e hiki mai, i mea e kōkua ai i kēia mau hana, i loko o ka papa he Nick ma luna o ka lāʻau, a me ka holoholona iwi, serifs ma luna o nā pōhaku, iliili. leho a me nā liʻiliʻi 'ikamu. Kēlā me ia hehee ai ho he maopopo helu. Similar ano nō ka loa he mea hiki laulā Ke Ana Hoʻohālike. Oia nenoai i kapaia positional - waiwai nui ka wā kākau helu manao ma kā lākou hoʻomoana a hookuuia.

mea i kumu hoohalike no ka mea e ku pono hoea mai, a ua nō hoʻohana'ōnaehana i hiki mai i ka aoao o ka palapala helu i lalo mai ka manawa o ke au kahiko o Roma. Ma ka mea, e hoʻokohu 'ia' iniha, kapuaʻi, na umi, luna haneri noi palapala o ka Lakina Hawaiʻi.

abacus

Hooia ka papa, oia hoi o ka lua e like me kekahi mau wahi, ma i i waiho iliili a lei, mea maʻa i ka hana 'ike loea o kekahi lāhui kanaka, a hana hoopilikia wale. Aia i nāʻano likeʻole o ka abaca - he kaula me ka knots a me na kaula me ka lei. I kekahi kahua i loko o ka ulu ana o ia mau mea iʻai i i hoʻohana mua o ka Hekikai o m'kini helu.

Mōʻaukala o ka helu o ka 'Aʻohe - o ke kaʻina hana o ke kahua o ka makemakika manaÿo, a me ka hoʻomaka o ka pono o ka hōʻailona, e hoike ana ia. A me ka abacus, a me kaʻai i, i loko o ka mea pono, a me ka mea o ka visualization o laulā moʻo. Empty makahiki ma AYEIE ka recess a nalowale mea pepehi 'ia ma ka hana ana i ka Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka' Aʻohe akaka hoike. Ka hōʻailona o ia hoʻi, ka mea mua iʻikeʻia i loko o kahiko Babulona mathematicians a me astronomers.

Babulona mea ole mark

I ka noho maikai ana, i hanauia ma waena o ka Tigris a me ka Euperate, i aponoia ma ka laulā'ōnaehana ili mai ka Sumerians kahiko. Ka mea, ua positional - waiwai helu hilinaʻi ma luna o ka oihana i pili i nā helu. Papahana no ka 4-5 tausani makahiki BC. Hawaii., ka mea i kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka helu 60. ka makemakika omaulia hoʻohanaʻia ka mea kahiko Babylonian astronomers a me nā kānakaʻenehana ua nānā loa ai bulky a me ke koikoi. Ia, ma ke lawelawe i ka helu, ka mea, ua pono e hoʻopaʻanaʻau a malama mua o nā maka o ka multiplication o nā mea a pau loa, mai 1 a hiki i 60.

Digital Aʻohe a hoailona, e hōʻike i ka loaa ko Babulona hookuuiaʻikeʻia e like me nā 'ia paha ka makau auka a me ka pua. Kēia hōʻailona Ua pio ka polokalamu ka integral hapa o, a i ole komo ma ka makemakika hana - hoʻohui a hoonui ma ka mea, ua ole.

huakaʻi i ke kai 'Aʻohe

Nānā 'ole o kou mathematicians Mesopotamia Aʻohe dala ka Indians o America Central - Maya, a Incas. Common i nā helu nenoai ua i ka mea, i ole hoʻomōhala i ka manaʻo o ka 'Aʻohe like me ka helu.

Drevneamerikanskaya ka noho i haʻalele i ke ao nei i ka hailona no e piʻi like i loko o ka 'imi naʻauao poepoe. Complex Mayan alemanaka'ōnaehana a me ka Incas - i ka hopena o ke kenekulia o ka hana i loko o Astronomical loina a me ka huikau makemakika ho. Akā,ʻaʻole loa i loko o kā lākou nā helu kaulike, i ka helu 'Aʻohe mea i ike like me ka helu ana i alakaʻi ai i ka hopena o ka makemakika hana.

kahiko Look

I ka papa kuhikuhiE hoʻoilina o ka kahiko Greek mathematicians i kā lākou e piʻi like me ka anahonua, a kilohōkū. Numbers i loko o lākou ka hōʻike - e Hoʻohana i i ke kumu, he welau a me ka hoʻoholo ma mua loa. 'Aʻohe - he helu i mea ole i loaʻa i loko o keia hihia, i ka mea hiki cia. Hoʻohana me Aʻohe lōʻihi ma kahiko makemakika a me ka kālaiʻike 'aʻole ole e hoohalike.

Kekahi o na kumu nui tenets o Aristotle ka ao ana o ka hopuna'ōlelo Natura abhorret holo - "Nature hoowahawaha aku i ka i ka holo." Infinity, ole, ole-ola - mau waeʻano mai i pono i loko o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa kahiko. No laila, i ka laekahi 'ano o ka nīnau "ka helu o 0" ua ole reachable no Archimedes, Pythagoras a Euclid, eia nae like me ka' Aʻohe hōʻailona ua loaʻa i loko o ka papa o ka mea nui astronomer Ptolemy. Leka "Omicron" (ka mua palapala i loko o ka hua'ōlelo οὐδέν - "i kekahi mea"), a laila, eʻikea au i loko o ka nele keena.

'āina Aʻohe - India

He aha Mauna mathematicians invented? Mahavira (850), Brahmagupta (1114), Aryabhata (476) - mea kākau o ka hoonoho aku, i pili kēia i ke kinona o ka laekahi 'oihana o ka palapala helu i ka nui a me na rula o ka walaʻauʻana makemakika hana. Moʻolelo manaʻo i ka kekimala'ōnaehana i ua aie mai o ka Pākē Indians, a me ke ano o kona kulana - mai ka Babulona. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka 'Aʻohe hōʻailona i aie ma ka Indians o ka hana o Ptolemy i.

Ke mathematician mua i ua kālaiʻia i ka piha laulā nenoaiu, i mea nō kōna a me ka lawelawe 'ana i ka nui o ka manaʻo kanaka, ua Mohammed pahu ukana Musa Khwarizmi (787-850), e noho ana i loko o Baghdad. I kona "Book o Mauna mooolelo" eiwa Apapika numerals i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka au mamuli a pane i ka nīnau: "Ua ka helu o 0?" E hōʻike 'Aʻohe i loko o kēia puke ua noʻonoʻo i ka mua. Lakina unuhi ana i keia hana, ua lilo lohe nuiʻia ma Europe i loko o ka XII kenekulia, a hoonoho i ke kumu no ka laha ana o hikina makemakika ike.

E like me ka o ka poʻeʻEulopa, he mau loa aku ma ka hikina poe akeakamai evoked makaʻu. No laila, i ka 'Aʻohe ma na nā helu kaulike o kahiko Indian kānakaʻepekema i ole lilo i ka hope loa hōʻailona o ka nele o ka huahelu ma AYEIE kulana, akā, i ka helu maoli wale, me ka hoohuoi ana i ka hopena o ka i ka ho omaulia. Ka hou o 'Aʻohe, hoʻonui ma 0 - pau keia i loaʻa ai ka waiwai o ka manaʻoi makemakika hana.

Hekikai palapala helu mai ka 1 a hiki i 0 ua loaa ia hope loa ke nānā aku i ke aloha i kahiko Indian makemakika hoonoho, a me nā huapalapala, mea ua kapaia ma Apapika ma Europe, ka Arabia i kapaia o Indian.

Ka moolelo o ka " 'Aʻohe" helu i ka lewa i loko o ka etymology o ke kumu o makemakika hua'ōlelo. Ka hua'ōlelo "huahelu" i Apapika aʻa, a ua loko mai o ka hua'ōlelo "AL-Sifre," a 'o ia hoʻi "kaawale, Aʻohe." English " 'Aʻohe" vaguely like "marshmallow" - i ka makani mai ka hikina - ia mea, mai ka hikina a hiki i Europa hele finalization, ka naauao a me ka pono helu nenoaiu.

Apapika numerals ma Europe

Kekahi o na kumu nui promoters o ke ¶ʻO'Araba Europa kikohoʻe'ōnaehana i ke kaulana Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci. Kana hana "Liber Abaci" (1202) hoʻolauna i ke Europa, ka noiʻi a me nā hōʻailona, a me ka rula ana a ka Arabia kākau makemakika hana. Ka mea mua a me ka pono rationality hikina makemakika kükohu i hoʻomaopopo ai e ka poe i hele a lehia i kela la i keia hana me ka nui - i ka moni a me ka poe kalepa. Ka mea, koke aponoia e ¶ʻO'Araba poe kuai helu'ōnaehana a me ke kākau loa. Akā, i loko o ka hana o ka 'epekema ma Europe i keia ike ma ka 4th kenekulia paa wale, ke kūapoʻana i ka hookamaia oʻEulopa mathematicians o ke au kahiko o Hawaiʻi nei.

Ua Ua loaa nui me ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ka 'Aʻohe i loko o ka' epekema ana o ka huinahń loa i kahi kūlike o'ōnaehana, i manaoia ma ka XVII kenekulia Descartes Rene. 'Aʻohe ua manaʻo i loko o ka konu, o ka waiwai loaa i nanaia, a visually maopopo maopopo kahi wahi o ekolu nā koʻi lipi.

Ma Rusia hoʻolauna i ka 'Aʻohe ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana Leontiya Magnitskogo, ka mea kākau kaulana o ka puke "makemakika, i ka mea e olelo aku i ka' epekema numeral" (1703).

waiwai 'Aʻohe

'Aʻohe, a demarcates nā maikaʻi a me ka io nui, inā paʻa kū hoʻokahi makemakika waiwai. He he ahiahi helu,ʻaʻole i helu me ka maikaʻi hōʻailona. Eia hou kekahi a me ka subtraction me 'Aʻohe' Aʻohe 'aʻole i pili i ka helu a me ka hoonui ma 0 haawi Aʻohe. Mahele ma ka 'Aʻohe ua noʻonoʻo i ka meaningless ana, a ma ka hihia o ka hooko hiki i nui ka poino i ka'ōnaehana i loko o ka polokalamu kamepiula.

Ua ua i loko o ka ho'āʻoʻana i ka puunaue ma 0 hoao iho la ia e ka hoʻokō 'ole' wahi i loko o ka kamepiula'ōnaehana o ka US Moana cruiser "Yorktown", i mai ai ma o ka haule ana o ka 1997, a alakaʻi ai i ka ke aliiwahine shutdown o ka propulsion nenoaiu. Incorrectly e pili pū ana i ka helu, ke ano, "i kekahi mea", ua i ka moku kaua ikaika ma ka palupalu iho wahi pale kaua.

Ke kumukuai o keia helu ua me ka nui loa, a mahuahua nui me ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema. 'Aʻohe ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka wahi o ka i wale hoʻokahi wale nō makemakika. I ka lohe ana paepae ma Acoustic i 0. O ka helu mea ma ka hoʻomaka o ka pālākiō o na mea he nui ana i na mea maalea, i ikeia a me ka schoolboy: 0 ma Kelekia - o ka ke kūpaleʻana wahi o ka wai, i ka hoʻomaka o ka helu me longitude - ka 'Aʻohe Melekiana, a pela aku ..

Aeaie numeration, i malama ia e like me ke kumu no ka hanaia'na o ke kālā no Me na manao ona mea he positional helu'ōnaehana i kumu elua. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i nā mea a pauʻikepili komo i loko o ka kamepiula'ōnaehana, e encoded ma kekahi huihui' ana o nā huapalapala - hoʻokahi a me ka 'Aʻohe.

Kūlana ma ka o kēia au nei o kamepiula 'ē aʻe i kuleana no nā mea a pau, ao ke ano o ke ola, a, no laila, i ka mōʻaukala o ka helu' Aʻohe, me ka i kā lākouʻano ina ua ko ole, mau.