Monomers nā polokina i ka mea? He aha e na monomers o nā polokina?

Nā polokina i liluwelo polymers me ka luna 'hale. Ka mea, i ke kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaupaona ana, a iloko o ka'aminoʻakika prosthetic pūʻulu poe ma nā wikamina, lipid a me ka carbohydrate inclusions. Nā polokina i loaʻa ka carbohydrates, nā wikamina, lipids a me ke hooheheeia, kapa hui. Wale na mea nā polokina haku o'amino nāʻakika hui pu ma kaʻakika'amino paa.

peptides

No ka 'ole i mea i ka waiwai o ke kumuʻiʻo monomers i'amino nāʻakika. Mau hana i ke kumu o polypeptide lei, i mea laila hoʻokino paha globular kumuʻiʻo fibril 'ole. A pau keia kumuʻiʻo hiki ke synthesized wale i ka noho ana'aʻaʻa - i kanu, mea koʻohune, fungal, holoholona, a me nā keena.

Nā meaola wale i ole hoʻohui hiki monomers nā polokina, nā mea hoʻomaʻi a me protozoa i koʻohune. A pau na mea e ae i hiki ke ho okumu i ka mall nā polokina. Akā, i waiwai e monomers, nā polokina, a pehea ka mea, e hana? Kēia a me ka kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis, he polypeptide, a me ke kahua o ka luna 'kumuʻiʻo' ole o ka'amino nāʻakika a me kā lākou waiwai,ʻike ma lalo nei.

Single lātoma o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma o kekahi Alpha-'aminoʻakika. Ma keia hihia, ke kumuʻiʻo - he polypeptide lei o ua hoʻopili'amino nāʻakika. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka helu o ka'amino nāʻakika komo i loko o kona ho okumu i kaʻawale dipeptides (mau residues), he tripeptide (3), oligopeptides (i loaʻa mai ka 2-10'amino nāʻakika) a polypeptides (he iiiaanoaa o'amino nāʻakika).

Overview o ka 'ole o nā polokina

kumuʻiʻo iniiaiie 'ole paha e iki aku luna' - 'aʻole ka haumāna, oi luna' - tertiary, a me ka hapanui luna '- quaternary.

Na iniiaiie 'ole - ia mea he mea kaapuni a i kekahiʻakika'amino hoopaa (CO-NH) e pili ana monomers nā polokina ('amino nāʻakika). Secondary 'ole - ia mea he Alpha-helix a Hoʻokolohua-pepa. Tertiary - keia mea e oi huikau ekolu-dimensional 'ole o ke kumuʻiʻo, i i hana mai ua hoʻopōaiapuni aie a hiki i ke kahua o ka covalent, ionic a me ka hydrogen makaukau na kaula paa a me ka hydrophobic hana kūleʻa.

Ke quaternary 'ole ka loa huikau a me ka oukou mea loaʻa nā polokina ke aupuni' ma aeea membranes. Kēia supramolecular (kikowaena) 'ole i hanaʻia ma muli o ka hui ana o kekahi mau nā lātoma me tertiary' ole, inā me ka carbohydrate, lipid, a me ka wikamina pūʻulu. Ma keia hihia, e like me ia ma ka iniiaiie, kiʻekiʻe a me ka tertiary nā hale o nā polokina monomers i Alpha-'amino nāʻakika. Ka mea, i kekahi hui ma kaʻakika'amino paa. Ke wale koena unuhi o loko o ka 'ole ka manaʻo pohihihi.

'amino nāʻakika

Na wale monomers kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma i Alpha-'amino nāʻakika. Aia he 20 wale, a me ka mea i aneane i ke kumu o ke ola. Ka muli o kaʻakika'amino hoopaa, kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala ua hiki. A kumuʻiʻo laila, hoomaka ae la ia e hana 'ole-ho okumu i, mea loaʻa,'ūhū, amo, uwao a me nā hana. Manawa a hiki i keia kino papa ola a me ka hiki ke paʻi.

Oāwa Alpha-'aminoʻakika mea he aloha carboxylicʻakika me ka'amino pae i pili i ka Alpha-kalapona'Ātoma. Hope ke aupuni 'e hiki mai ana i ka carboxyl pae. Penei monomers o nā polokina i manaoia me ke aloha waiwai, ma a ka maʻi kalapona'Ātoma a me ka hanau i ka Amine, a me ka carboxyl pae.

Huina lakou o ka'amino nāʻakika ma na peptides a me nā polokina

'amino nāʻakika hui i dimers, trimers a me polymers i kekahiʻakika'amino hoopaa. Ua Ua hanaʻia ma cleavage o hydroxyl (-OH) pae mai ka carboxyl hapa o kekahi Alpha-'aminoʻakika a me ka hydrogen (H) -'amino pae o kekahi Alpha-'amino nāʻakika. Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka wai, ua Wāwahi aku, a koe ma ka carboxy Nakulukulu Ka hapa o ka C = O me ka noa huina'ine koena kokoke i ka carboxyl kalapona. Ma kekahi'aminoʻakika koena (NH) i me ka loaʻa noa'ano'ē ma ka naikokene'Ātoma. Ua apono 'oe e hoʻohui i nā radicals elua, e lilo i mea paa (CONH). Ua Ua kapaʻia kaʻakika'amino.

Lolina o Alpha-'amino nāʻakika

Total ikeia 23 Alpha-'amino nāʻakika. Ka mea, e hōʻike mai iā ia e like me ka papa inoa o: glycine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, glutamate, aspartate, ornithine, threonine, serine, lysine, cystine, cysteine, phenylalanine, methionine, tyrosine, proline, tryptophan, hydroxyproline, arginine, histidine, asparagine a glutamine. Ke kaumaha ma muli paha ka mea hiki ke synthesized e ke kanaka kino, e māheleʻia kēia mau'amino nāʻakika i loko o nui a me ka nonessential.

I ka manaʻo o ka nui a me ka nonessential'amino nāʻakika

Interchangeable ke kanaka kino ke synthesize, oiai nui e hele wale me kaʻai. Pela o ka poe nui a me ka nonessential nāʻakika e nui no ka kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis, no ka mea, me ia i ka hoʻololi kemikala hiki ole ke ana. Me ka hookahi'aminoʻakika, a hiki ina a pau'ē i keia wa, he mea hiki ole no? Ieoaeunoai i ka kumuʻiʻo i ka halepaahao ua koi 'ia e hana kona oihana.

Kekahi hewa i loko o kekahi o ka biosyntheticʻanuʻu - a me ke kumuʻiʻo mea uala pono, no ka mea, ka mea e ole e hiki ke halawai me ka makemake 'ole ma muli o ka' aʻe 'ana i ka huina'ine nuʻa, a me ka interatomic hana kūleʻa. No ka mea, kānaka (a me nā meaola), ia mea pono e hoopau ia kumuʻiʻo ai, i pihaʻi me ka nui'amino nāʻakika. Ko lakou wa e kaawale aku i loko o kaʻaiʻo ia i ka helu o ke kumuʻiʻo pūnao kāna hana.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu ana o kaʻakika'amino hoopaa

Na wale kumuʻiʻo monomers i Alpha-'amino nāʻakika. Ka mea, i pili ke kiʻekiʻe i loko o ke polypeptide kaulahao, me ka 'ole o ka i ua waiho ia ma mua i loko o ka aaiaoe kivila o DNA (a RNA, ka wā nānā akula au i mea koʻohune biosynthesis). Ma keia hihia, ke kumuʻiʻo - he ikaika kaʻina o ka'aminoʻakika residues. Kēia kaulahao Ua hoonohonoho ia ma ka kekahi 'ole, hana i loko o ka halepaahao kuleana pili i ka mālama'-hanaʻia.

-Stage kaʻina o ke kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis

Ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu ana o ke kumuʻiʻo ninoieo o ke kaula o ke kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Replication paena DNA (a RNA) hoʻololi kemikala o RNA type 'ike, auaiaea ia i ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao nucleus, ke hui me ka ribosome a me ka gradual IeIIeYOA o ka'aminoʻakika residues mea i lako hoolilo RNA. A waiwai a mea he kumuʻiʻo lātoma 'oe e komo i loko o ka enzymatic cleavage naoh o ka hydroxyl pūʻulu a me ka hydrogen proton, a laila, pili ana i ka extensible polipetidnoy kaula.

Pela i loaa polypeptide lei, i mea mua i loko o ka ke kelepona hele endoplasmic reticulum ua kauoha aku i loko o ka kekahi hoʻoholo ma mua 'ole, a inā carbohydrate a lipid moiety ka wā koi' ia. Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia "maturation" o ke kumuʻiʻo, ma hope o nā mea āna i hoʻouna aku ai i ke amo'ōnaehana o ka halepaahao i ka mākaʻikaʻi.

Oihana synthesized nā polokina

Monomers o nā polokina e'amino nāʻakika pono e kūkulu lākou iniiaiie 'ole. Secondary, tertiary a me ka quaternary 'ole iho ana ia manawa i hanaʻia, akā, i kekahi manawa kekahi pono i ke komo ana o nā'ūhū a me nā waiwai. Eia naʻe, ka mea, i ka papa kuhikuhi hou,ʻaʻole naʻe ia mea mau Kuleana i na nā polokina hana i ko lakou kuleana pili i.

'aminoʻakika, i mea he kumuʻiʻo lātoma hiki i carbohydrate IeIIeYOA kumu, i eliiaʻi a me nā wikamina. Education tertiary a quaternary 'ole i mea e hiki ai, e loaʻa hou wahi no ka wahi o ka hookomoia nā pūʻulu. Kēia apono 'no ka derivative o ke kumuʻiʻo, i Radio ke kūlana o ka'ūhū, mea loaʻa, transporter' ona i loko o ka halepaahao paha mai o, he immunoglobulin, he mall ke keʻena o ka halepaahao membranes a organelles, Muscle kumuʻiʻo.

Nā polokina i hana mai'amino nāʻakika, nō ka mea wale kulanui o ke ola. A me kēia lā ka mea, ua manaoio aku no lakou i ke ola, ku pono ma hope o ka helehelena o ka'amino nāʻakika, a me ka hoʻopiʻi i kona polymerization. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i ka intermolecular AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā polokina o ka hoʻomaka o ke ola, a me ke akamai. All'ē aʻe biochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a me ikehu, e pono no i ke kō o ka kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis, a me ka hopena, i ka hou mau nō lā hoʻi o ke ola.