Nā degere a me nā kuleana

aia no he makahiki paha'ōnaehana ma ka 'epekema a me ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe, a leie aku oe, e hookupaa nui ae i ka' epekema luna kiʻekiʻe o ke ao ana limahana - nā degere a me ka pôhili. I ko kakou aupuni, i ka ia nā kumu kāki no kālaiʻike degere a me ka inoa o ka ÷ ino Kumu a me Kumu mea kekahi okoa mai nā'āina. Nō kāu, kālaiʻike inoa o ka "hui pu Kumu" Ua häʻawi mai ai iä PhD, a "Kumu" - kauka o ka 'epekema, he mau hewa. Ma nā'āina o nā degere OAOOUIEeE loa me ka nui loa ma ke noi ana o ka makahiki, i ka inoa, i ka hoʻokolokolo i nā kaʻina hana a me ka apono ia.

MaʻEnelani, no Amerika Huipuia, a me na hapa oʻEulopa, he mea mau koi, a me na 'epekema kula, ma laila nō ekolu degere: kēkelē mau, E ke Kumu o, PhD.

Ma ka manawa i loko o Rusia he mea kekahi poʻe'ē he'ōnaehana - i loko o ka helu o ka hoʻonaʻauao kulanui i ua hoʻohana no ka mea hou'ōnaehana, ma laila mea he kēkelē ka (eha makahiki), Masters (6 makahiki), a me ka hapa o ke kulanui, e malama i ke kahiko oihana, Hookah o nā haumāna puka a me elima, elima a me ka hapalua paha makahiki eono o ka aʻo. A me kahi o ka hookahi kiʻekiʻe loa degere o Kauka o Science (kālaiʻike, etc.) pili hala ma luna o ka hoʻoilina o ka Soviet'ōnaehana, ma laila nō nā degere - i i hookoia PhDs ma ka pili aha hookolokolo a me dissertations hoʻouna 'ia no ka apono ana o ka Higher Attestation Hoona Kuleana.

Dissertation aha hookolokolo i hanaia ma kulanui, noiʻi institutes a me kekahi'ē aʻe 'epekema a papa hana. Ka pale 'ana i hoomakaukau PhD a doctoral dissertation ana i wahi ma ke akea ma ka huiʻana o ka Dissertation Aha. Ano, i mea e pale aku i ka ia hoʻi no ke Kauka o Science, ia mea e pono ia i ka PhD. I ole ia, mea e ole i keia degere, 'aʻole i loaʻa ka mea hou kanawai ka pono, e hoomalu aku i kona ia hoʻi i ka mea maluna o ka degere.

Ma keia hihia, ke koke o ka lala o ka 'epekema a me / ai meaʻai poʻokela pepa he moʻo mua - kiekie ae ka hoʻonaʻauao a me nā degereʻaneʻane i hooponopono, koe wale no he mau hihia, e like me stipulated ma ke kānāwai. No ka laʻana, ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, no ke komo maluna ia mea ana e loaa i kekahi degere kiekie o ka specialization a / a hana, i hoopau i na, no ka mea hoike, o ka moho o sociological sciences psychologists, mathematicians, economists, Kauka o kaʻike manaʻo PhD, no kekahi laʻana, philosophical, physical a me ka makemakika a me ka sociological 'epekema a me ka pela ia.

Degere i hoʻolauna i loko o ka Soviet Union i ka makahiki 1934, a ua maoli i ka hoihoi hou ia ana o ka mālama '-nei akeakamai degere ma Rusia. Ka nui loa ka helu o nā moho a me na kumu o ka 'epekema, ma laila nō' inikua, physical, makemakika a me ka oaoieei sciences.

I mea e loaa nui kou degere, ua pono e kākau mua a me ka pale aku i ka ia hoʻi, i mea he nui 'epekema hana, i hiki ai ke komo mai ka 150 a hiki i 500' aoʻao o ka 'epekema kikokikona. Aole mea hiki ole e kākau i ia hoʻi ma luna o na mea he nui a lahilahi, akā, legitimately ana hoomalu aku ia? He hiki, nae ka mea e makemake ai,ʻaʻole he mea. ʻO ia hoʻi no ke degere o Kauka o Science i ia i loko o ka palapala o ka 'epekema olelo, a pono e hōʻike mai iā ia i ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo no ka noiʻi i nā hualoaʻa. Oia ka hoike e ke kākoʻo 'ia ma ka helu nui o ka mua i paʻi' epekema pepa i i manaʻo nui koʻikoʻi no ka 'epekema. Eia hou kekahi, pono e maopopo loa i ka 'epekema kaiāulu i ke noi i kona noiʻi a me discoveries ma ke kahua o ka ha awina.

Pela, ua hookolokolo aku la ia i kūpono ai ka 'epekema degere, kālaiʻike o ka huakaʻi.