Rutherford planetary kükohu o ka'Ātoma Rutherford kükohu

Discoveries i loko o ka mahinaʻai o'ātoma 'ole ua nui i koe i loko o ka ulu ana o ke kālaikūlohea. Great nui ua Rutherford ka kŘkohu. Atom like me ka ano o ka (particles) a me kona eiiiiiaiou ua, ua aʻo nui mai iā ia, a ma ka au mamuli. Kēia i alakai ai i ka holomua kukuluia'na o ka 'epekema like nukelea ke kālaikūlohea.

Ke kahiko manaʻo e pili ana i ka 'ole o ka mea

Ka mea mahuʻi mea a puni kino i haku o ka moku (particles) i i i loko o ka wa kahiko. Thinkers laila'Ātoma poe like me ka mea uuku indivisible (particles) o kekahi waiwai. Ka mea, ua kūkākūkāʻia ia, aohe mea i loko o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa mea uuku ma ka nui ma mua o ka'Ātoma. e paa Oia manao ma kaʻepekema nui Helene a me ka poe akeakamai - Democritus, Lucretius, Epicurus. Hypotheses mau thinkers i keia la hui ma lalo o ka inoa "kahiko atomism."

medieval e hoohalike ai ia

kahiko i hala, a ma ka Middle Ages poe no hoi ka noiʻi ka poe i kaheaiaʻokoʻa nā mea mahuʻi e pili ana i ka 'ole o ka mea. Naʻe, i ka predominance o ka haipule a me ka philosophical manao o ka ekalesia ka mana i loko o ke au o ka moolelo i loko o ka mohala kekahi ho'āʻoʻana i ka uhi a me nā pono kīvila o ke kanaka naʻau i materialistic akeakamai i loaʻaa me discoveries. E like me uaʻike, ka medieval hookolokoloia loa unfriendly Ua naʻauao a me ka poeikohoia o ka 'epekema honua i ka manawa. Ua koe e olelo aku ia mau lā, he ao alohilohi i manao i hele mai, mai ka manaʻo kahiko o ka indivisibility o ka'Ātoma.

Haʻawina makahiki 18-19

18th kenekulia Ua kaha maha e nui discoveries i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kula haʻahaʻaa 'ole o ka mea. Pili kēia i ka hoʻoikaikaʻana o nā kānakaʻepekema e like me Antuan Lavuaze, Mikhail Lomonosov a me Dzhon HaleakaLā. Kū kaʻawale o kekahi i kekahi, ua hiki ke hooiaio i nā'ātoma maoli nei ka mea. Akā, i ka ninau o ko lākou kūloko ma 'ole koe hamama. I ka pau ana o ka 18th kenekulia i waeʻia e like me ka nui hanana i loko o ka 'epekema honua, e like me ka loaʻa o D. I. Mendeleevym papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina o Nine Inch hehee wale. Ua ua io no he ikaika Hopu ia manawa, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe hoʻi i ka pākū ma ka hoomaopopo ana i nā mea a pau nā'ātoma i ka ia ano, i ka mea e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi. Hope, ma ka 19th kenekulia, kekahi ka hoʻokahuli i unraveling i ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma ua hōʻike ana i ka haku mele' ana o kekahi i kekahi o ia mea i keia huina'ine. I ka hana o nā kānakaʻepekema o kēia wā hua mai la i ka momona lepo no na discoveries o ka 20th kenekulia.

ho okolohua Thomson

Pelekāne physicist Dzhon Tomson i ka 1897 ho'āʻo ai i ka 'ole o nā'ātoma nā electrons me ka io kauoha. Ma kēia kahua, he manaʻo wahahee i ka'Ātoma - divisibility kaupalena i kekahi waiwai i hope lukuia. i Thomson ua hiki ke hooiaio i ke ola ana o ka huina'ine Pehea? Nä känaka 'epekema i loko o kona ike maopopo ana i loko o ka lahui rarefied kinoea nā uila aʻa lolo a me ka uilaʻikena ua hala. Ka hopena o ka cathode kukuna. Thomson pono aʻo kā lākou mau 'ano a me ka ike i ka mea, i ke kahawai o ka papa mai (particles) e hoʻoneʻe i ka māmā nui. ʻepekema hooponopono iho i e hoʻomaulia i ka nui o kēia mau (particles) a me kā lākou mauʻoihana. He pū i loaʻa mai i ka mea,ʻaʻole e hiki ke hoohuliia mai i loko o'ākilikai (particles), e like me ka uila e mālama ai - o ke kumu o ko lākou mau ano. No laila, e noho ana na electrons i hamama. Thomson mea no hoi i ka mea nāna i hana o ko ke ao nei ka mua'ātoma 'ole kŘkohu. E like me ia mea,'Ātoma - he clot olelo ikaika mai, papa mai la ia mea, i mea haawi uniformly negatively kauoha electrons. Kēia wehewehe i ka pono 'ole o'ākilikai nā'ātoma, e like me ke alo o ka hewa a ana kekahi i kekahi mai. Ho okolohua Dzhona Tomsona lilo invaluable nui no ka mea hou study o ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma. Eia naʻe, he nui na ninau i koe unanswered.

puni noiʻi Rutherford

Thomson ike i ke ola ana o ka huina'ine, akā,ʻo ia hiki i loaʻa i loko o ka'Ātoma ikaika papa (particles). Ernest Rutherford ? Ee a keia kuhihewa i ka 1911. I ho okolohua këia i ka ha awina o Alpha-(particles) i loko o nā kinoea, ka mea, ua loaʻa i ka loaʻa mau (particles) i loko o ka'Ātoma, ka ikaika hoopiiia. Rutherford loaʻa ia ma ka hele i ka laau ma ke kinoea 'ole ma o ka lahilahi metala papa mea heʻoi haiahū kūmau o ka nīnūnē nui o (particles), mai ke alanui mai o neʻe. Ka mea, e kiola aku hoʻi. Ke nä känaka 'epekemaʻike ihola ia keia hana i ku pono i ka clash me ka ikaika i hoopiiia (particles). Oia ho okolohua e hiki ai physicists e ÷ ike i ka 'ole o ka Rutherford'Ātoma.

planetary kükohu

Ano, i ka KU¯ i kekahi mau mea okoa, mai nā mea mahuʻi i ia e John Thomson. Kekahi mau Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o ka kila a me kā lākou nā'ātoma. Rutherford ka hoao ana ae ia e ho okumu i ka loa hou pähola 'i loko o kēia kahua. Discovery nä känaka 'epekema heʻano nui no ka hou' ana o ke kālaikūlohea. Rutherford kükohu wehewehe'Ātoma like me ka nucleus manaʻo ma ke kikowaena a me ka neʻe a puni electrons. Na kāna mau 'ōlelo i ka maikaʻi a me ka uku ole electrons - io. Model'Ātoma Rutherfordʻana i electrons kaʻapuni a puni ka kāna mau 'ōlelo ma kekahi mau trajectories - orbits. Wehe i nä känaka 'epekema kōkua wehewehe i ke kumu no ka haiahū kūmau o ka, alpha (particles), a ua i ka impetus no ka hooulu ana i nukelea pähola' ana o ka'Ātoma. I Rutherford ka'ātoma kükohu i ka analogy me ke noi ana o ka Honua ma ka o ka poe lń a puni ka la. He loa pololei a me ka vivid e like. No ia mea, Rutherford kükohu'Ātoma i kolo ana ma ka Astronomical puni ka nucleus, i ka inoa o planetary.

Hana a Niels Bohr

Mau makahiki ma hope, i ka Denemaka physicist Niels Bohr ho'āʻo e hui pu iho la i ka manaÿo o ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma me ka quantum waiwai o ka malamalama. Rutherford ka nukelea kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma i i ka noiʻi i loko o ke kumu o kona hou kumumanaʻo. Ma Bohr mea mahuʻi nā'ātoma revolve a puni ka Kora naʻEsau i loko o hoʻopoepoe orbits. Oia neʻe ala hiki aku ai i ka hoʻonui o electrons. Eia hou, i ka Coulomb AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o kēia mau (particles) a me ka piko'Ātoma ua pu ma ka mea i hanaia a me na lilo o ka ikehu e malama i ka māhele electromagnetic a ke kahua i kupu mai, mai ke noi mai o electrons. Ma lalo o ia mau rula, negatively hoopiiia (particles) e loa haule i loko o ka nucleus. Akā, i kēia 'aʻole i hoʻomaka ai, e hoike ana i ke kumupaʻa nui o nā'ātoma like nenoai. Niels Bohrʻike ihola ia i nā kānāwai o ka panina thermodynamics, i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka Maxwell mau nā helu kaulike e Aʻole e holopono ana i loko o subatomic ana. Nolaila,ʻepekema hele mai, e lawe hou kānāwai i ke hoopihaia me ka haʻahaʻa (particles) i loko o ke ao nei.

Bohr ka postulates

Pili i ka mea i loaʻa i ke kumu hoʻohālike o Rutherford, ka'Ātoma a me kona eiiiiiaiou i ua pono? Anoee, Niels Bohr ua hiki e hoʻokokoke aku i ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o kona postulates. Ka mua o kēia mau Hawaii i'Ātoma loaʻa he wahi ano i loko i ka mea, aole ia e hoololi ae kona ikehu a me na electrons pela hoʻoneʻe i orbits me ka hoʻololi kona ala. E like me ia i ka lua o postulate, ka hoʻololi o ka huina'ine mai kekahi ka Astronomical i kekahi ia lŘlŘ hoʻokaʻawale a me ka ikehu omo. He like me ka ikehu likeʻole ma waena o nā māhele ma mua o a me ka olaa aku la Hawaii o ka'Ātoma. Ma keia hihia, ina he huina'ine Lele, e pili ana i ka 'ōlelo o ka Astronomical, ka mea, ua kinoea ikehu (photons), a me ka hope versa. I loko nō o ka mea i ka neʻeʻana o nā electrons aneane kohu orbital ala manaʻo pololei circumferential wehe Bohr hiki i ka loaa ana o ka maikai hoakaka no ke ola ana o ka laina pae o ka hydrogen'Ātoma. A puni ka mea ia manawa, physicists Hertz a me Frank, ka poe i noho ma Germany, hookupaa iho la ia i ke nä känaka 'epekema Niels Bohr e pili ana i ke ola ana o ka wahi, eii? Huipuia o ka'Ātoma, a me ka manawa kūpono o nā loli i loko o ka'ātoma ikehu loina.

Alu like 'ana ma waena o nā kānakaʻepekema mau

Ma ke ala, Rutherford no ka lōʻihi manawa hiki ole ho oholo i ka ʻoihana o ka nucleus. Epekema Marsden a me Geiger ho'āʻo e lawe mai kea-makau 'ia Kaha kuleana o Ernest Rutherford, a me ka hopena o ka manao, a piha ho okolohua, a helu i hele mai ai i ka hopena i ia mea i ka' ōlelo o ka nui ano o ka'Ātoma, a me ka mea e kālele ana a pau kona malama ana. Hope ia i ho'āʻo ai i ka nukelea malama ka heluna hapauuku like me ka nui o ka ordinal helu o ka hehee ai i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina D. I. Mendeleeva. Interestingly, koke halawai ka Niels Bohr me Rutherford a maopopo ae like me kona manao. A laila,ʻepekema Ua lōʻihi hana pu i loko o ka ia keʻena hoʻokolohua. Rutherford ka ho o ka'Ātoma like me ka'ōnaehana iloko olaila o ke kula haʻahaʻaa kauoha (particles) - a pau Niels Bohr ia mea, noonoo maikai, a no nā mea a pau waiho aʻe lākou uila kŘkohu. Olelo noiʻi hana o nā kānakaʻepekema i Ua loaʻana, a ua hānau i ka hua. ua komo 'o kēlā me kēia o lākou i loko o ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ka waiwai o ka haʻahaʻa (particles), a i nui discoveries ma ka 'epekema. Ma hope, Rutherford loaaʻi, a hoao iho la ia i ka manawa kūpono o ka hoʻonui i ka Kora naʻEsau, akā, i ka i kumuhana no kekahi 'atikala.