Nā Papahana O Ka kanaka'anatomia. Nā Papahana O Ka like o ka 'anatomia i

Kekahi o ka loa kahiko a me ka mea nui i na kanaka o Sciences ka'anatomia. A me ka ole wale i ka i pili 'ana i ke kanaka. Nā Papahana O Ka këia mea kanu'anatomia, e hoi ae holoholona e maopopo nui o ko ke ao nei ma o ka noonoo o kanaka.

Mahalo i kēia 'epekema a me kona ulu ana, hana hou ma manawa, ua hiki i ka pakele ana o maʻi he nui kanaka, ua aoia hoi e hoola ia lakou iho mai na mea maika ike o ka nui o ka mālama i ka malama ana o ko lākou ola. No laila, na ano o ka'anatomia, physiology a me kou niho - o ke ki i ka hoʻomaopopo i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke kino, kona maloko 'ole, me ka a he mea hiki ole i ka ikaika ololi, a mālama ola, e olaʻi ia.

Anatomia: mau manaʻo, ke kumu o ka mahele

He aha ka ka'anatomia like me ka 'epekema? He He hahau i epa me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka mea mawaho a me na' ole o ka meaola. Kekahi mau ano ae i ka'anatomia e maopopo i ka eia.

1. Pehea e aia nā loko i loko o ke kino o ka meaola.
2. Pehea e pāʻani aku i kekahi i kekahi, He aha e hoohui mai ia ia, a ka mea i ko lākou manaʻo nui no ka mea a pau e liki me ka a pau.
3. He aha nō kā lākou kūloko ma, a mawaho 'ole, a mikroultrastruktur.
4. He aha e ia i ka maʻamau nā loko, a pehea e hoʻololi i ka mai, heʻino pahaʻano, mawaho a me na ololi o nāʻano likeʻole.
5. He aha keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka kumu o ke ola, a me ka mahalo i ka i nenoai a me nā loko o ka poʻe e ola ana nenoai ma laila.

O ka hana ana,ʻaʻole hoʻokahi wale i këia i ka'anatomia o ka luna nei. Aia ka he okoa huahelu o nā sciences, i kahi hookahi, e ka mea e hiki ai e loaa piha ike. Hana'anatomia a me ka physiology wale paila ia i, e apo i ka pau huahelu o ka ike e pili ana i ke ola, e pili ana i kona 'ole a me ka functioning, e like me ka maopopo i ka manaʻoʻike a me ka psychosomatic keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke kanaka CNS.

Ka mea mea e noiʻi i ka'anatomia o kekahi mau 'elele o wildlife. Kēia hiki e:

• kanaka;
• holoholona;
• mea kanu;
• koʻohune;
• Fish.

Mākou e kūkākūkā oi piha ka noonoo o kekahi mea e liki me kekahi kanaka, ma ka olelo o ke koho ana.

Hana o ka 'anatomia i like me ka' epekema

Aia nō kekahi mau kumu hana hana 'ia e ke ana.

1. Këia i wale i ka maloko, a mawaho 'ole o kēlā me kēia meaola, akā, i pili i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana' ia i loko o laila i ka makahiki a me ka mōʻaukala loli i ka manawa.
2. Këia phylogeny, ontogeny a anthropogeny kona manao.
3. E hoomanao i ka pilina ma waena o ka 'ole, a me ka functioning o nā loko, a interconnected nenoai.
4. Ua hāʻawi mai i ka olelo o ka pono moku'āina o ka meaola, kona Kumukanawai, kino māhele a me nā loko.

Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka pilikia o ke kanaka'anatomia i loko o ka piha huahelu o ka pono ike. E hoʻoponopono i ka maopopo pilikia, like me nā mea a pau nā sciences, i mua mākou i ka hahau no hoi i kona mea huna. Nā Papahana O Ka like o ka'anatomia i loa like, a me ka mea i hana i loko o ka lōʻihi manawa. Ka wae Ua dictated ma na mea e pono ai o ka ike o ka hohonu maomeka o ke kanaka kino.

Mea Maluna

Aia i kekahi mau nui pauku, a he hapa o ka 'epekema ma ka nīnau.

1. Normal'anatomia.
2. Pathological.
3. Hoʻohālikelike.
4. Hi ona.

Kēlā me kēia no ia i kona ano iho no ka ao o ka'anatomia, like hoʻi me mau, ma i hoʻokolokolo ai i ka likeʻole kiko'î. Together, mau ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana i ka piha ano o ka' ole o ka mea o ke ao, e like me kona hana a me ka hooulu ana no manawa.

Nā Papahana O Ka këia'anatomia

Aia nō i keʻano o kekahi mau koho no ka noiʻi i loko o nā kula o ka'anatomia, physiology, a me nā sciences. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i ke kanaka, ua hiki ke nana i loko o ka hohonu o ke o Mānoa, ike a makaikai i ka microstructure o ka meaola. Ka mea nui wale epekema no këia i ka'anatomia o ka eia.

1. Ka pahu kui.
2. Ka popopo hana.
3. hoʻomālamalama hana.
4. Ice'anatomia, a oki paʻahau ana ke kino make.
5. Vorobyova hana, a me ke anakahi iki-macroscopic.
6. Radiography.
7. Me tomography.

Kēlā me kēia no kēia ka loaʻa o ka helu o ka oi maalea a me ka wahi o ka ninaninau kaulike. Together, a pau o kēia mau ki ina hana like o ka'anatomia, a haawi aku i ka hopena i i poe kumu, anatomists, physiologists a me nā kānakaʻepekema i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kanaka noiʻi. E hoomanao i na aoao mau, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina'anatomia i au mamuli.

I ka papa hana o ka pahu kui-ka popopo

Kēia papa hana ua hoʻomano hoʻohana'anatomia. Nā Papahana O Ka like o ke kanaka, ma muli o ka pōkole i loko o ke ahiahi o ka thinnest capillary me ka ho okumu kūikawā solidifying 'ole' ia nā pōpō waiwai e ae kapa ole maka, e noonoo i ke ano o ke koko a me ka lymphatic moku. A lohe o keia waiwai i ia o kekahi ano, no kekahi laʻana:

• gypsum;
• gelatin;
• mahuahua;
• rosin;
• celluloid a me na mea e ae.

Loa pinepine, i ka nui o ka HW i loko o kekahi'ōniʻoniʻo, a kiʻi i pololei kino kiʻi mai loko. Ma keia ao mea he kiʻi loaʻa, e hoike ana i ka mea o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ia o ka moku kekahi koko, a capillaries.

No hoi, ina e pono ai 'anatomia i na ki ina hana like me ka pahu kui, ke haawi aku i kekahi mea no ka pololei moulage kino. No kēia i nā pōpō curable nuipa a ua hoʻolauna i loko o ka moku, a ua hoopaakikiia. A laila, pili i kekahi waiwai hiki ke luku ola'aʻaʻa puni, akā,ʻaʻole i alakaʻi ai i ke kaumaha o ka lawelawe waiwai (e laʻa me, ikaika nāʻakika a alkalis). No laila, he mea kino hoike mai, a waiho wale i kona manaʻo o ka loaa no ke kiekie o ka pololei ma ka manaʻo o kona kūloko ma 'ole.

Ma waho aʻeo ka hoʻonaʻauao e ka popopo ma lalo o ka hana ana o oxidants ikaika, ua pinepine hoʻohana a me nā waiwai a e hiki no ke loloʻa o like nā loko. Mau waiwai nā:

• glycerol;
• benzene;
• laau lau aila;
• benzyl benzoate;
• izozafrol a me na mea e ae.

Ia mea, i ka'aʻaʻa puni ka hū o ka hoʻolauna wale lilo aniani moakaka, loa nui māmā. Ua hoʻi i nā 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole a me ka hana ana o ka moku.

Ka pahu kui ua manaoia kekahi o ka loa pololei ano o ka'anatomia. Ua Ua loa olelo pili i ka huipūʻana me ka hou aaioee. Penei, ka wā lawelawe nuipa mea ole gamma pāhawewe transmissive, i ke kino e e hoʻokolokolo hou hoʻohana radiography. No laila, kiʻi kiʻekiʻe-ka pono kino kiʻi, i kona ano hoopono, ka pilina me nā ē aʻei kūpono.

Ma hope o ka pahu kui ia lŘlŘ ka wā pono e hoʻolauna i potent waiwai hiki ia oe luku ola'aʻaʻa kumu ka popopo a puni ka paʻahau hoʻomanaʻo ke kaumaha. Keia ua hana no ke kino 'ole o ka qualitative kükohu. Ua ala 'oe hiki i ke kino o kekahi mea koe o nā māhele kahiko o ke kino wehe, a me ke kiʻi, e ia i ka loaʻoia iʻo, a laila' o ia i ka minutest au mamuli.

Ka pahu kui-ka popopo ki ina hana like o kanaka 'anatomia i hoʻohana muaʻia e kānakaʻepekema F. Ruysch. I Rusia, hoomaka ae la anatomists e hoʻohana i kēia iaoia hope. Mawaena o ka loa kaulana i nā inoa mea i hoʻonoho ai ma ka noi a me ka hooulu ana o keia wahi, i ka penei kani.

• P. F. Lesgaft;
• V. M. Shumlyansky;
• IV Buyalsky.

Hoomakaukau hoʻomaka kā lākou mau hana, e ka hoʻohana nō me ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka akeakamai pomaikai, a ua waiho ia ma ka anatomical iau.

Hana'anatomia a me kāu kiʻina hana e pono e kaukaʻi kekahi i kekahi. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, mea e makemake i ka ike, e hoʻoholo i nāʻaoʻao o ka hoʻokō 'ana i kēia. E nānā i nā mea a pau o nā nā loko, e ike i ka mea a lākou morphological a me ka topographical ano, hōʻike synergies me nā māhele o ke kino - keia mea kekahi o na hana o ka 'epekema ma ka nīnau.

Corrosive hana e leie aku i ka hoʻoponopono i iaʻano ana. He hiki ke loaa pololei Ke Ana Hoʻohālike hōʻikeʻana i ka 'ole.

• puha nā loko (naau, ventricles o ka lolo);
• parenchymal nā loko (hakuʻala, ake);
• a me ka nunui vascular microcircular Kanal;
• prostate.

O ka pau nui o ka anal mea i loko o ka ipu koko a me capillaries, e like me ka hoʻohana 'ē aʻe ano mea hiki ole. Currently, ka loa hanohano mea no ka mea pīlali injections hoomaka, e hoopaakiki hoi no ka lōʻihi manawa, akā, i mea emiʻawahia ma mua o na mea e ae, a aole e emi aku ana lakou. Pela ka mea, lewa,ʻaʻole wale nō ka 'ole akā, i ka mea maoli ka nui o ka hui, e hookolokoloia ana.

hoʻomālamalama hana

'O kēia kekahi o na aoao loa hoihoi' e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina'anatomia. Kona Mānoa, he wahi like penei. Ke kino a me ke kino hapa impregnated hanaʻakika pāʻoihana e ae ia, e hoopaa i ka wai a me ka pehu, e lilo ana i ka jelly-e like nuipa a. Ma keia hihia, no ka refractive Papa kuhikuhi o ke kino'ūheheʻe a me ka malamalama e like i kekahi i kekahi, hapa o ke kino i ka aniani moakaka.

Penei, he kiʻekiʻe-kbps kiʻi o ma ka aniani moakaka'aʻaʻa ka maloko 'ia me ka luku ia, e like me, no kekahi laʻana, ka wā corrosive kaʻina. Loa pinepine, ua hoʻohana 'ia kēia hana i loko o ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ka ua'emi'ōnaehana, kona māhele a me nā loko.

E apono 'oe e ike, a kuhikuhi i like ke ala e noiʻi i?

1. I ka 'äina o ka wahi o nā loko i loko o ke kino.
2. Anatomic hiʻona o ke kino a pau a me kona wahi.
3. 'Ana ma nā loko i loko o ke kino.

ʻae nō hoʻi, i kēia iaoia i pono ma luna o ka kūkākūkā mua ano o ka popopo.

hau'anatomia

Hana o ka'anatomia a me kanaka physiology e hoemi ia i ka piha study oʻaʻole wale nō ka 'ole, wahi, akā, i ka functioning o ke kino a me ke kino e like me ke okoa. Ua pono ka loaa ana i na kiʻi a hana i kekahi kükohu i makemake noonoo i ka hana maoli o ke kino i loko o ka meaola ola loa.

Akā, i ke kumuhana o ke kanaka ola hiki ole ia i ka piha anatomical haʻawina. Hana i na manawa a pau i na heana. Ka lewa puʻe, me mechanical deformation a me nā aʻe alakai i kekahi loli ma ke kino kulana ma hope o ka autopsy, i kona morphological a me ka physiological loli. No laila, no ka mea, he lōʻihi manawa ka mea, he mea hiki ole ke loaa i ka ike loea kiʻi.

Kēia pilikia i Wehewehe i nā hāʻina e Academician NI Pirogov. He? Aaei i kekahi ano o kaʻoki paʻahau ana ke kino make. No keia kino make o ke kanaka mua paa, hoʻokō 'a me kaʻelemakule paʻahau. A me keia ua hana e like me ka hikiwawe e loaa ana ma hope o ka make, no laila, i ke kino i ole nalowale kona wa e ola 'äina o nā loko.

Ma hope iho o kēia kaʻina hana, ka icy ke kino - he maikaʻi mea no ka hana. Oe ke eʻoki ana ma kekahiʻaoʻao a pau wahi a pau o ke kino, a kiʻi i ka loa pololei maoli kiʻi. Kēia hana o ka noiʻi ua mamao loa i hoʻonoho mai keʻoki kino.

ka ai-kapa hau kiʻi kaula i manaoia e ka ia ka noiʻi. E pili ana ia mea i ka papa me ka ikaika paʻahau kino, e wehe i veils a me ka hp'pnphp nā'aʻaʻa mai ai i ka pono o ke kauoha aupuni. Pela, ua loaa i kaʻoia iʻo ekolu-dimensional kiʻi, ma ka kumu o ka i hiki e hoʻoponopono e pili ana i ka 'äina, ae hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha a me ka interconnection o nā wahi a pau o ke kino a pau.

Radiography a me ka tomography

Ka loa kēia ano o ka noiʻi ka'anatomia pili me ka hoʻohana 'ia o kamepiula a me ka' ike loea hou lolouila, a ua pili loa me ka nānā 'ana ma o ka hoʻohana' ana o electromagnetic a pāhawewe. Ka loa nui o kēia mau mea:

• kiʻi (ʻume mākenēki resonance, kamepiula);
• radiography.

Tomography mea he laekahi 'ala, loa replaces ke ano o Pirogov. Mahalo i kaʻume mākenēki resonance a X-kukuna mea hiki ke loaa ekolu-dimensional kiʻi o kekahi hui, o ka kanaka, i loko o ka moku'āina ola. I mea mahalo i keia laekahi iaoia eliminated i ka pono, e lawe mai noiʻi ma cadavers.

Me tomography o ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka X-kukuna. Na Huaolelo Ua invented i loko o ka makahiki 1972 ma 'Amelikaʻepekema, no ka i ka mea i i hookoia ka Nobel uku. ʻO lalo laina mea he EYI nona iho o nā'aʻaʻa i ka X-kukuna. No ka mea, oko a ma ka pa apŘ, a me ka mea omo mea,ʻaʻole i ka mea ia e like. Pela e lilo hiki layering i ka piha study o ka loko o ke kino.

Ka loaaʻikepili ua Hoʻoili aʻela i loko o ka lolouila, kahi ka mea, ua nui loa luna 'aaioee omaulia ma muli o nā ana, a me ka hopena ua puka mai ai. i koi Oia haʻawina no ka hahai 'inikua nāʻikepili:

• mua ana;
• ma ka loa trauma;
• kahe ana ke koko i loko o ka lolo ;
• akemāmā Ka maʻi 'aʻai;
• maʻule hou ihola nō;
• unexplainable pōniuniu;
• poho i ka moku i ke koko a me nā loko;
• puncture a me nā kaʻina hana.

ʻume mākenēki resonance kiʻi ua muli ma luna o ka ea puka o ka hana i ho'ākāka 'electromagnetic a hawewe i loko o ka ikaikaʻume mākenēki kahua. A pau keia ua kena ae la excitation o nuclei o nā'ātoma, kā lākou electromagnetic a muli o ua ana, a, ma muli o nā hoailona hopena a. Me keia hana o kaʻimi ana i ka lolo, spine, na moku, a me na hale.

Radiographic ano'anatomia ma muli o ka hana o ka gamma pāhawewe nona kaiʻewaʻewa permeability no kekahi mau nā'aʻaʻa. A pau keia lewa kaola no ua palapala ma luna o ka kūikawā pepa a ho film, nolaila, ka mea, ua loaa i ka makemake hui, kēia kiʻi. Na ano eʻimi ana:

• spine;
• abdominal nā loko;
• malamalama;
• na moku;
• iwi;
• neoplastic maʻi;
• niho;
• umauma a me nā māhele o ke kino.

Manaoia kēia ano o kanaka'anatomia e paʻa no nā mea e ola ana, a hoʻohana 'ia pū ua i loko o kauka holoholona lapaau. Eia naʻe, kela mea keia mea o ia ma laila nō i ka helu o nā contraindications, a i hoakaka ia ma na ano kanaka o kela a me keia mea, kona maʻi a me ka mau ola.

morbid'anatomia

Ke kumuhana o ka'anatomia a me kāu kiʻina hana e hai aku i kekahi i kekahi loa harmoniously, no laila, i kanaka ke loaa ka loa ike loea hopena. Nolaila, aneane kela'anatomia pauku i kona huapalapala iho o kekahi aoao, e noiʻi i kanaka.

Penei, pathological'anatomia - ia mea he hahau i mea hiki ke kuhikuhi i a makaikai i, e loaʻa aoao o ka paioʻana pathologies, nā maʻi a hiki ma ke anakahi iki pae, oa ma ke kahua o ke kelepona hele? Acaeoey. Ua like 'epekema i hookumu i ke kumu o ka make. No ka noiʻi i loko o ka mahinaʻai o microstructures - keena, nā'aʻaʻa a me intracellular loli i hoʻohana kekahi mau ano o pathological'anatomia.

O nā na kēia mauʻano likeʻole.

1. Autopsy - i loko o nā hua'ōlelo ia mea he autopsy o ke kino ma hope o ka make, e hooholo kona kumu. Ua produces kona kauka-pathologist. He lawe Eia kekahi laʻana, mai ke kino o ka noiʻi i ka laweia ana mai i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua. palapala manao ma luna o nā kumu o ka make a me ka morphological loli ma ke kumu o nāʻikepili loaa kekahi kauka i ua hiki ke koho. Loa pinepine, keia verdict coincides me ka lapaʻau, e waiho i ke kauka me ka uku ole. Eia naʻe, oko ao e hoʻomaka ai, ka mea, ua ka noʻonoʻo no ka mea mau anatomical a me ka 'inikua me ka hālāwai kūkā.
2. Biopsy. Kēia mau kiʻina hana nā ho'ākāka haʻawina o ola specimens mai kanaka i pono e like me ka mea, mai ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku o na nā loko (puncture). Like ka mua iaoia ia ke moe ia ma ka mea i hana noiʻi ua lawe mai ma luna o ke kumu o ka meaola ola.
3. Immunohistochemistry mea he ao o ka hp'pnphp keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka halepaahao, kona kumuʻiʻo haku mele 'ana, wale nô o ka ua'aʻaʻa type. Kēia mau kiʻina hana, ua nui loa no ke kālā no lapaʻau 'o Ka maʻi' aʻai.
4. Huina'ine microscopy - i ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka ipu, ua kiʻekiʻe loa olelo hooholo, e leie aku oe e makaikai i hiki ultramikrostruktury i kekahi hui, a me ka keena.
5. Ma situ hybridization. Keia hana ua ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka hana ana me ka ka loaʻaʻana o ka nukelea nāʻakika. Ma keia ala ike ua loaa ia ma ka pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ua hūnāʻia paha latent. Diagnosed me ka hepatitis, kōkua iā ia,, herpes a me nā maʻi puʻuwai.

Nohona ma, kaʻikepili o pathological'anatomia mea nui loa ia no ka hooulu ana o ka 'inikua ike e pili ana i ka' ole a me ka hooulu ana o ke kanaka.

CNS'anatomia

Hana CNS'anatomia hoemi ia i ka piha a me ka lawe ia'ku, study o ka 'ole o nā aʻalolo keena, nā'aʻaʻa, nā loko, a nenoai ma mau. No hoi, ua aʻo mea ole wale Home Land, akā, i ka kanaka kūpono 'ana o ke ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu me ka elemakule. Ua nānā i ka lolo me ka kūpapakū no ka manaʻo o nā mea a pau i hana 'ka noʻonoʻo'.

Mai ka wā a pau e pili ana i ka 'ole a me ka functioning o ka'ōnaehana i mea nui, a koi piha noonoo, i ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana a me ki ina hana like o ka' anatomia i ia mea i loa ai eiiieaena a me kekahi. Aia he mau aoao o ka noiʻi i loko o kēia wahi.

1. Microscopic. Ka mea, i ka nānā 'ana ma o ka hoʻohana' ana o kūikawā lako a pan i na manawa he nui hoonuiia kiʻi o ka hui, (a me ka hapa paha) loaa. Pela, ke kaʻawale'ōnohi microscopy - study o ko mākou hopohopo'aʻaʻa slices, e - i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ke kelepona hele nā hale, nā lātoma, waiwai i hana i ka pā poepoe o ka mea.
2. Macroscopic. Aia ua hōʻike 'i ka helu o ka wa e ola ana, a poslesmertnyh koho noiʻi. No ka i loko o kona wā e ola mau:

• X-kukuna;
• Me tomography;
• ʻume mākenēki resonance;
• positron ea puka;
• electroencephalography.

By poslesmertnym ki ina hana like nā mea like:

• 'anatomia;
• ka pahu kui a me ka popopo;
• radiography.

A pau o kēia mau aoao o këia i ka'anatomia o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana i ua kūkā mai ma luna. Mai 'aneʻane paʻa i ho'ākāka' ia no kēia mau'ōnaehana o ka EEG (electroencephalography) a me ka positron ea puka tomography. Ka mua ua nānā 'ana i kakau ai me ke kōkua o kūikawā encephalograph biorhythms o ka lolo aeee (Alpha a me ka Hoʻokolohua rhythms), ma muli ia i manao i ka hana, a me ka helu o ke ola keena. A like ma ka kōna lolo kapa ma luna o ke ola kanaka. I mau, ke kaʻina hana ua pono palekana, akā naʻe, loaʻa nō kekahi mau contraindications.