Oksidiy.Soleobrazuyuschie oxides a me nesoleobrazuyuschie

Oxides i eiiieaena waiwai, iloko olaila a mau oihana mua, kekahi o ka a - ka oxygen ma loko o ka lua o ka'okesaside moku'āina.

Ma ka Nine Inch moʻokalaleo no ka nomenclature oxides hoopili aku i ka keia mau rula:

1. Ka wā kākau nā papakuhikuhi oxygen ma ua mau waiho i loko o ka lua o ka wahi - NO, CaO.
2. Kahea ana oxides, initially mau hoʻohana i ka hua'ōlelo'okesaside, ma hope o ka mea o loko o ka genitive elua hehee ai ka inoa: Bao - barium'okesaside, K₂O - potasiuma'okesaside.
3. I Ina i ka wa a ka hehee ai kūpono ai oi oxides ma hope o kona inoa i loko o brackets hōʻike i ka'okesaside moku'āina o ka hehee ai, e laʻa me N₂O₅ - nitric'okesaside (V), Fe₂O₃ - hao'okesaside (II), Fe₂O₃ - hao'okesaside (III).
4. Kahea ana loa, he pono ole oxides pono e pono ana nā'ātoma no lātoma numerals i hoʻokohu 'ia e like Greek: N₂O - dinitrogen'okesaside, NO₂ - naikokene'okikene lua, N₂O₅ - dinitrogen pentoxide, NO - naikokene monoxide.
5. 'okanikaʻoleʻakika anhydrides mea mea kupono, e hea aku i ka like me na oxides (e laʻa me, N₂O₅ - nitric'okesaside (V)).

Oxides hiki ke loaa i loko o kekahi mauʻano likeʻole:

1. Reacting me ka o oxygen mea waiwai. Simple waiwai i oxidized ma lalo o paio hahana maoli nō pinepine hookuu aku oia i ka wela a me ka malamalama. Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia ka aa ana
   C + O₂ = CO₂
2. Aie i ka'okesaside o ka luna 'waiwai loaa oxides o ka oihana mua a i komo i loko o ka haku mele' ana o ka hoʻomaka mea:
   2H₂S + 3O₂ = 2 2 H₂O + SO₂
3. decomposition o na nitrates, hydroxides, carbonates:
   2Cu (NO₃) ₂ = 2CuO + 4NO₂ + O₂
   CaCO₃ = CaO + CO₂
   Cu (OH) ₂ = CuO + H₂O
4. E like me ka hopena o ka'okesaside o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia oxides o nā kumu mua. Similar reactions ua i ke kumu metallothermy - loaa o ke hooheheeia, mai ko lakou mau oxides me ka oiʻeleu metala:
   2Al + Cr₂O₃ = 2Cr ± Al₂O₃
5. By decomposition o kiekie oxides a'okesaside o ka lalo:
   4CrO₃ = 2Cr₂O₃ + 3O₃
   4FeO + O₂ = 2Fe₂O₃
   4CO + O₂ = 2CO₂

Mea Maluna ma muli oxides o ko lākou Nine Inch waiwai imply lākou papa i loko o ka paakai-ho okumu i oxides a me nesoleobrazuyuschie (indifferent). Salt-ho okumu i oxides, ma ka huli, mahele ia i loko oʻakika, walaʻauʻana a me ka amphoteric.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE oxides hoʻopili like ana i ka waihona ipu. No ka laʻana, Na₂O, CaO, MgO - walaʻauʻana oxides, no ka mea, hoʻopili like ana i ka waihona ipu - NaOH, Ca (OH) ₂, mg (OH) ₂. Kekahi oxides (K₂O a me CaO) ka haiia pane koke me ka wai, a hana i mau kumu:

CaO + H₂O = Ca (OH) ₂

K₂O + H₂O = 2KOH

Oxides o Fe₂O₃, CuO, Ag₂O me ka wai e i pane koke, akā, me kaʻakika ua neutralized, a ma ia mea, noonoo nui:

Fe₂O₃, + 6HCl = 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂OCuO + H₂SO₄ + H₂O

Ag₂O + 2HNO₃ = 2AgNO₃ + H₂O

Typical Nine Inch waiwai o kēia 'ano oxides - kā lākou naoh me nāʻakika, like me ka hopena o ka i, e like me ka rula, hua mai la i ka wai a me ka paʻakai.

FeO + 2HCl = FeCl₂ + H₂O

XIX. Oxides pane koke no hoi me kaʻakika oxides:

CaO + CO₂ = CaCO₃.

ʻakika oxides hoʻopili like nāʻakika, no kekahi laʻana,'okesaside N₂O₃ hoʻopili like nitricʻakika HNO₂, Cl₂O₇ - perchloricʻakika, HClO₄, SO₃ - sulfuricʻakika H₂SO₄.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE Nine Inch waiwai e like me oxides o kā lākou naoh i mau kumu i hana paakai a me ka wai:

2NaOH + CO₂ = NaCO₃ + H₂O

Mostʻakika oxides pane koke me ka wai, ho okumu i ka likeʻakika. I ka Ia manawa SiO₂'okesaside meaʻaneʻane insoluble i loko o ka wai, akā, ka mea e neutralize i ka waihona ipu, nolaila, ia mea heʻakika'okesaside:

2NaOH + SiO₂ = (kuʻi nukeliu) Na₂siO₃ + H₂O

Amphoteric oxides - oxides mea i ke kaumaha ma muli hana hea hōʻikeʻakika a me ka walaʻauʻana ka waiwai, a laila, ma ka reacting me nāʻakika hele like walaʻauʻana oxides, a ma ka naoh me ko lākou mau kumu - likeʻakika.

'Aʻole i pau amphoteric oxides pāʻani like me nā kumu a me nāʻakika. Kekahi i oi haʻi walaʻauʻana waiwai, ae -ʻakika.

Inā ke kiniki'okesaside a chromium like reacts me nāʻakika a me nā kumu, alaila, o ka'okesaside Fe₂O₃ kumu waiwai predominate.

Nā waiwai o amphoteric oxides ZnO i ia manaʻo i loko o kēia hana:

ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂O

ZnO + 2NaOH = Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O

Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides mai e hana i kekahi nāʻakika a me ko lākou mau kumu (no ka laʻana, N₂O, NO).

Eia kekahi, aole lakou e e haawi reactions like i ka poe paʻakai-ho okumu i oxides. Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides i pane koke me nāʻakika a alkalies, akā, mai hana i nā huahana i mea typical o ka paʻakai-ho okumu i oxides, e like me 150⁰S a 1.5 MPa CO reacts me ka paʻakai hydroxide, e hana i ka paʻakai - paʻakai formate:

CO + NaOH = HCOONa

Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides rasprostranenіy like akea i nāʻano o nā oxides i hana ole,ʻano nui ke komo pū divalent nonmetals.