Paʻakai phenate: e hoomakaukau ai, Nine waiwai

Phenols - onaona i huiʻia me kekahi a oi hydroxyl pūʻulu ua hoʻopili i ka kalapona nā'ātoma benzenovogo nucleus. E like me ka helu ana o OH pūʻulu i kūlana hoʻokahiʻanuʻu, two- a me ka trihydric phenols.

Monohydric phenols - nā mea loaʻa o ka benzene a me kona homologues ma ka nucleus i kekahi hydrogen'Ātoma UAIAaIN ma ka hydroxyl pae.

Isomerism a me ka nomenclature. Ma ka simplest Luna o phenols - carbolicʻakika (phenol) isomers ole, i loko o kona homologs noho positional isomers o ka hydroxyl pae i loko o kāna mau 'ōlelo benzonovom (ortho, meta, para wahi).

I ka inoa phenols hoʻohana ekolu nomenclature - mōʻaukala, ka naauao a me ka IUPAC. No ka mōʻaukala nomenclature phenols i kapaia trivially - phenol (carbolicʻakika), cresols, etc.

Natural kumu no kēia mau mea ka lanahu hohono, Kernel aila, hohono beech, etc. Lanahu hohono ua hua mai la i lanahu maloo distillation. Sources no ka hana phenols mea averages (nā kapuahi ma 170-230 ° C), a kaumaha (nā kapuahi ma 230-270 ° C) ka aila. Ma aaioee o ka paʻakai hydroxide i hoomakaukauia paʻakai phenolate. Ke haʻilula o keia mea oia no ka mea i koe o ka phenol a me ka paʻakai.

Ma lalo o keʻena hoʻokolohua kumu, pinepine onaona sulphosalts (paʻakai a me potasiuma paʻakai o sulfonic nāʻakika) e hoʻohana i loaaʻi phenols. Iloko o Nine Inch reactions, he paʻakai a potasiuma phenolate. Ma hope iho o ia, ua malamaia lakou nei, mau i huiʻia me ka mea pōhaku nāʻakika, e haawi aku i ka noa phenols.

Nine waiwai i aie i ka alo o ka phenol OH pae ma benzelnom nucleus. Mau waiwai ke komo i loko o reactions i nā ano o ka waiʻona mai ke kino (ho okumu ana o nā mea kemika, phenolates, halogenated) a me arenes (hope o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma ma luna o ka Kora naʻEsau benzenovom halogens, nitro pae, sulfo pae). No laila, mau konohiki pane koke ka haiia i na mea hiki ke hooheheeia, e hana i ka paʻakai phenolate. Ua mea i loko o kēia mau ana i hoike pakahi aku la ia lolouila 'ole o nā lātoma o ka waiʻona mai ke kino, a phenols.

paʻakai phenoxide (ole phenoxide) ua hanaʻia ma ka reacting phenols me alkalis. Kaʻakika waiwai o phenols kŘpa a uuku'ōlelo ai. Mau waiwai i hookohu ole iaʻi lakou me ka litmus pepa. paʻakai phenolate like alkoxides hiki nei i loko o koʻana koko kona'ākilikai pāʻoihana, oiai ka mea, aole e decompose. Phenates i hana decomposed e naoh me nāʻakika (i ka nawaliwali, e laʻa me, lanahu).

Akā, me kaʻakika waiwai o phenols i oi haʻi ma mua i loko o aliphatic waiʻona mai ke kino. Introduction i loko o ka lātoma o ka phenol huina'ine-withdrawing substituents (nitro, halogen, he sulfo pae, he aldehyde pae a me ka mea e like) maoli ka hydrogen gidroksogrupp neʻeʻana, no laila,ʻakika waiwai i hoʻokāʻoi.

Ke alo aku o nā phenols maikaʻi mesomeric hookoia ke kumu no ia i nucleophilic waiwai, i mea emi hai ma ka e like me ka waiʻona mai ke kino. Keia waiwai ua hoʻohana 'ia e paka nā mea kemika, akā,ʻaʻole komo i loko o nā reactions iho phenols a me phenolates a me halogenated hydrocarbons.

Ester ho okumu ia lŘlŘ ma reacting phenols me chlorides a me anhydrides o carboxylic nāʻakika. Like i loko o ka kahua o nā mea kemika, ka naoh ka hiki pono ke hoomau aku nei me ka potasiuma a me ka paʻakai phenates.

A hiki aku i ka hana o halogens hana phenols halogen nā mea loaʻa. Ke bromination o phenols hoʻohana i ka mea lāʻau lapaʻau Ka Ikepili: 2,46-tribromophenol mea poorly wailana i loko o ka wai, a precipitates mai, a leie aku la naoh e hooholo i ka phenols ma ka pāʻoihana.

Ke nitration o phenol. Ka hana e phenol he 20% nitricʻakika , he läÿau, o ka pa-nitrophenols a i hookaawale ia e distillation me ka o-a me ka mahu (o-nitrophenol i puhi ia aku, a me ka pa-nitrophenol koe ma ka pāʻoihana).