Pōkole Kawaihae a me na hana o Solzhenitsyna Aleksandra Isaevicha

Ma ka hālāwai ninaninau me Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn akula ia, i ka i hoolilo i kona ola ma ka RussianʻOiʻenehana. I ka mea kākau i loko o ka naau o ka puke "Ka First Circle"? National History malama i ka lono kaumaha huli ai ma ka malu. Hoike mai ia ia i ka mea kākau moʻolelo, noonoo iho la ia i kana hana. Solzhenitsyn - He nui na makana no ke ao o ka moolelo o ka XX kenekulia.

maʻamau vitae

Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isaevich i hānau i loko o 1918 ma Kislovodsk. He hana i loko o ka palapala, ai hana me ka wa opiopio. Mamua o ke kaua ka mea, ua hoihoi ma luna o ka mōʻaukala a pau o ka First World War. Ke kumuhana, i ka wā e hiki mai kākau moʻolelo, dissident a me ka nohona activist hoolaa i kona mua ka palapala, ai hana.

Creative a me nāʻaoʻao o ke ola Solzhenitsyn. E lilo i ka hoike a me ka hou aku i komo o ka nui mōʻaukala hanana - ka pomaikai no ka mea kākau moʻolelo, akā, i ka pōʻino nui no ke kanaka.

Ke outbreak o ke kaua Solzhenitsyn halawai ma Moscow. Here ia aʻo ma ka palapala ma ka Institute o History, akeakamai, a me Moʻolelo. Ma hope iho ona i ka Rostov University. Mua ia - aliʻi o Kula, hoʻokolokolo 'ana a me ka hopu. Ma ka hopena o nineties i loko o ka palapala, ai 'Magazine "New World" i paʻiʻia na hana o Solzhenitsyn, ma a ka mea kākau lewa i kona koa ka hoao ana. A la lakou, ua nui.

An mea kaua luna, ua hala ka wā e hiki mai kākau moʻolelo mai aeto la a hiki i East Prussia. ia makahiki hope hanana i manawa i laa, huahana "Zhelyabugskie noho", "Adliga Shvenkitten". He ua i loko o ka mea wahi kahi mua e paa ana ia Army General Samsonov. Events i ka 1914 Solzhenitsyn hoolaa i kona puke "Ka Red ka huila."

Kāpena Ball Solzhenitsyn i hopu i ka makahiki 1945. He aha hahai ua nui na makahiki o na halepaahao,? Neeo eaaa?, Loulou. Ma hope o hoʻopulapula i ka 1957, oiai he kumu i loko o ka kauhale kula, kokoke Ryazan. Solzhenitsyn lumi i? Ieaoa mai ka kūloko noho - Matrona Zakharovna, a ma hope lilo i ka prototype o ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano "Matryona" moʻolelo.

I ka mea kākau o ka lola honua

Ma o kona moʻolelo pono'ī nova iho, "Oak, a me ka bipi keiki" Solzhenitsyn hoʻokomo akula i mua o kona hopu ia ana, aole ia i hōʻailonaʻia i ka moʻokalaleo, aka, i ke unconsciously. I ka manawa o ka maluhia, ma ka noho kauwa ole ana, ka mea i leʻa hoʻi ma ka mea ana no ka moʻolelo e huli hou kumuhana apau loa maʻalahi. He aha makemake Solzhenitsyn, ina i ole kanu?

Kumuhana apau loa no ka moʻolelo, novellas a me novels hānauʻia ma luna o shipments, ma Barracks, i loko o ka hale paʻahao keena. ʻAʻole i hiki ke kākau iho i kou manaʻo ma luna o ka pepa, la oia i hanaʻi a pau mokuna o na novels "Ka Gulag pae '" a me "Ka First Circle" i loko o ka naʻau, a laila, hoʻopaʻanaʻau ia ma ka naau.

Ma hope o kona hookuu, Aleksandr Isaevich hoʻomau i ke kākauʻana. E kakau i kana mau hana i loko o nā kanalima ua i ka hiki ole i ua moe la. Akā,ʻo ia aole papani iho la i ka palapala, me ka manaoio aku i e ole kana hana e hele i ka Radio, nā moʻolelo a me nā novels heluhelu i poe mamo.

E hoolaha i kana mau hana mua wale i ka makahiki 1963 ua hiki ke Solzhenitsyn. Books, uaʻikeʻia ka nui o hope i kaawale paʻi puke. I kona'āina hiki e kakau i ka moʻolelo i loko o ka "New World." Akā, ka mea, ua hiki ole i ka pomaikai.

maʻi

E aʻo palapala, a laila, e puhi - he papa hana e hana ai no ka maluhia o ko lākou Solzhenitsyn hoʻohana oi ma mua o kekahi manawa. Akā, i ka wā i loko o ke pioʻana kauka hai aku ia ia i ka mea e ola ai i kekahi mau pule, makau iho la ia ma luna o nā mea a pau o ka mea nana i hana mai, e, aole ike i ka mea heluhelu. Solzhenitsyn i ole i kekahi ke hoola ia. Friends - i loko o ka poe hoomoana. Mother make. Wahine ma ka absentia wahine hemo la ia ia, a mare kekahi kanaka. Solzhenitsyn huli i ka puke, a e hoʻokele i kākau, laila, waiho ia i loko o ka hue o ka Kamapane, keia mole kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o ka mahinaʻai. A ua hele aku la au i Tashkent e make ...

Eia naʻe,ʻo ia ola. I loaʻike, ke ola mea i nānā i nā'ōuli ma luna. Ma ke kupulau o ka makahiki 1954, Solzhenitsyn kakau iho la, "Mai hooikaika o ka Lepupalika" - o ka hana mua, ina oe e hana i kekahi mea kākau moʻolelo nona operatives ua ike ka pomaikai, aole i luku mai i ka hooholo ana o ka hooholo, a me ka e hiki ke heluhelu i kāu mau hana loa.

"Ka First Circle"

Ma ka palapala, ai 'lola honua puke e pili ana i sharashka ka mea i palapala. Ka prototypes o ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano o ka puke "Ka First Circle" lilo i ka mea kākau a me kona mau hoa. Akā, manaʻo huhū a pau kaiapuni, e like me ka ka hoʻokô 'e hoolaha i ka hana i loko o ka malamalama mana, ka mea, i kekahi manawa, e heluhelu wale i ka KGB. Ma Rusia, ka puke "Ka First Circle," i paʻiʻia ma ka makahiki 1990 o ka makahiki. Ma ke West - a hiki i ka iwakalua-nā makahiki o ka mua.

"I kekahi lā Ivana Denisovicha"

Camp - he kupaianaha honua. He ka mea, e hana me ka kekahi ma i noa kanaka i noho ai. I ka i hoʻomoana ai, kēlā i loko o kā lākou mau ola a me ka make. Ma ka mea mua i paʻi hana o Solzhenitsyn depicts kekahi lā i loko o ke ola o ka meʻe. About ka hoʻomoana ola o ka mea kākau i ike firsthand. I mea no ke aha pela impresses ka mea heluhelu i ka ino a me kaʻano hōʻoio realism, i mea i loaʻa i loko o ka moʻolelo, ka mea i kākau Solzhenitsyn.

Books o kēia mea kākau resonated i loko o ka global hui, kuhikuhi no ka mea, o ka pono. Solzhenitsyn manaoio aku i ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka talena mae, a laila, loa make ina ma o kona hana ia i makemake e circumvent i ka oiaio. A no laila,, i kekahi manawa loa i loko o nā aliʻi e kāpae ka palapala, ai hoʻokaʻawale, aʻaʻole i hiki ke hoolaha i ka hopena o kona mau makahiki o ka hana,ʻo ia mea i lili no ka pomaikai o na elele o ka ai-kapaia Socialist realism. Kākau moʻolelo Union hookuke aku Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova a me Pasternak hooleia. Bulgakov i ole lawe. Ma keia ao o ka talena, a ina he mau, laila koke make.

puke moʻolelo

Inoa i ka palapala, hoouna aku i ka hoʻoponopono o "New World", i kona inoa Solzhenitsyn i ole kekahi. I manaolana ia "One lā Ivana Denisovicha" ike i ka malamalama, kokoke i ole. Loa ua hala luhi mahina ma hope o ia manawa, e like me kekahi o na hoa o ka mea kākau moʻolelo hoouna mau a lahilahi, i kākau i loko o ia moku a lima o ka papa kuhikuhiE limahana o ka aina i ka palapala, ai 'hoʻopuka puke hale, i ka wa koke i hele mai i ke kono mai Twardowski.

Ka mea kākau o ka "Vasiliya Terkina" a me ka hapa-manawa luna hoʻoponopono o "The New World," i ka palapala o ka ike mea kākau heluhelu ma Anna Berzer. An limahana o ka hale paʻi? Aaeaaaaony heluhelu Tvardovsky ka moʻolelo, i ka i ana i ka hopuna'ōlelo i lilo kuleana :. "UaʻO e pili ana i ke ola i loko o kahi e hoʻomoana ai, ma ka maka o ka mea kua'āina" Ka nui Soviet haku mele, mea kākau o ka oihana-patriotic poem i hele mai, mai ka mea kua'āina ohana. A no ka hana i loko o i ka moʻolelo o ia ma ka aoao o ka "pono ke kanaka," ka mea, o loa hana hoihoi.

"Ka Gulag pae '"

A puke e pili ana i ka poʻe e noho lā ma Stalin mau wahi hoʻomoana, Solzhenitsyn hana oi ma mua o kaʻumi makahiki. No ka mea manawa mua i paʻiʻia i ka hana i loko o Farani. I ka makahiki 1969, "Ka Gulag pae '" ua paʻa. Eia naʻe, e kala aku hoʻi ma ka Soviet Union ia hana ua paʻakikī,ʻaʻole wale nō akā, i risky. Kekahi o nā kānaka kōkua ma o ka mea kākau moʻolelo, i paʻi i ka buke mua o ka hana, lilo i luahi o ka hoomaau ana o ka KGB. E like me ka hopena o ka hopu ia ana a me ka interrogation o ka elima-lā 'ole-pau ana i ka kūpuna wahine ia i hāʻawi mai ai iā Solzhenitsyn. A laila, hana he pepehi anaʻia iā iho.

Ma hope o kēia mau hanana, ka mea kākau moʻolelo i ole kanalua e pili ana i ka pono, e kakau "pae" wale aku no.

huakaʻi i ke kai

Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isaevich i kipaku mai i ka Soviet Union i kekahi mau mahina ma hope o ka kala ana o ka puke "Ka Gulag pae'āina." Ka mea kākau moʻolelo i hoopiiia o ke kipi. Ke Soviet Media kaiāulu uhi i ke ano o ka hewa allegedly hana Solzhenitsyn. Ma 'ana, i ka "pae'" mea kākau hoopiiia no ke kōkua pūʻia Vlasov i ke kaua. Akā, i kekahi mea i olelo mai e pili ana i ka maʻiʻo o ka sensational puke.

A hiki i ka lā hope o kona ola ana, Solzhenitsyn i i hooki aku i kona mau palapala, ai 'a me ka pilina hana. Ma ka hālāwai ninaninau me ka haole periodicals, ma ke kakahiaka nui eighties, Lūkini kākau moʻolelo hōʻike manao lea hoi au ia ia e e hiki, e hoʻi i ka hale. A laila, ka mea, ua manao improbable.

hoʻi

I ka makahiki 1990, Solzhenitsyn hoi. Ma Rusia, ka mea, ua palapala lehulehu 'atikala maʻikena kālai'āina a me ka pilina nīnūnē. A nui hapa o ka uku helu mea kākau i loko o kākoʻo ana i ka poe pio, a me ko lakou mau ohana. Kekahi o ka uku nui loa - i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka Chernobylʻia NPP. Akā, he mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka o ka Papa o St. Alana Pervozvannogo mea kākau nō hoole, Kuhikuhi 'ia i kona makemake, e lawe' ana no ka hoʻolilo 'ana i ka mana, a ua lawe mai i ke aupuni i kona noho kaumaha moku'āina.

Solzhenitsyn - He waiwai nui na makana i Lūkini moʻokalaleo. I Soviet manawa,ʻo ia i noʻonoʻo i ka dissident a me ka nationalist. Solzhenitsyn i iʻae i keia manao, arguing ana ia - Russian kākau moʻolelo mea ma luna o nā mea a pau i aloha i ko lakou'āina.