Reference wahi - He aha ka mea? He aha nō ka kūmole kuhikuhi mai la lakou ma ka hana, surveying, pāʻoihana a me ka 'epekema?

I kekahi manawa, 'epekema' ole 'ē aʻe kekahi manaÿo i hoʻohana i ka wahi i pili ai i ka mua. Ua hiki mai me ka geodesic makahiki "maopopo kahi wahi." Ma ka ho'ākāka 'ana, ka geodesic maoli - he hoailona paha hōʻailona pili i ka kekahi wahi ma luna o ka honua i ka ili honua. I hŘnń ia a me ke kiekie o keia makahiki i pōpilikia me ka pili ana i ka hoohaahaaia iho la-ike, a aeia lakou waiwai.

Hoohaahaaia iho kiekie kahua

Ma Rusia a me kekahi mau aina o ka mea kahiko USSR, he 'Aʻohe hoailona no ka mea i maopopo nä haumäna' ilikai pae ua noʻonoʻo i ka Kronstadt moʻokūʻikena. Nā mahinaʻai ia ma luna o ka palapala o kēia mau'āina geodetic kaha pōpilikia ma luna o aponoia i ka makahiki 1977, ka Baltic nenoaiu a kiekie. Ma ka Hōʻole akula Hikina, i ka helu i i ma na wahi kiekie o Okhotsk kahua. Pololei kona kŘpa a BSV mea emi mai o hoʻokahi mika.

Dipstick - he hoowalaniaia iho au me ka māheleʻana, e hooholo i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai i loko o ka muliwai, a me nā kino o ka wai. I kekahi manawa, paʻa hoʻouka kekahi dipstick like olua heluʻai a me nā kūmole helu i loko o ka surveying, nä känaka 'epekema hoʻohana no ka malama ana loli ma ka nui o ka wai i loko o ke kai, i ka neʻe o ka honua me ka ho okumu ma ka vertical ili.

About Kronstadt moʻokūʻikena a me ka hoomaopopo ana i ka nui o ke kai

Initially, i ka loli i loko o ka 'ilikai awawa wai kiʻekiʻe hōʻikeʻia ana papamoe, notches ma luna o nā paia o ka auwai a me nā kīʻaha, wili lauoho ma luna o surfaces. A hiki i ka 1777 ma Kronstadt ia i hoʻonohonoho he kūikawā hana, ka mālamaʻana o ka wai laweia aku la oia e ka moʻokūʻikena hoailona ma ka lalo o ka holo alaʻokoʻa Canal.

Lōʻihi-ʻia (mai ka 1731), a me ka regular memo, malama ana i na fluctuations o ka wai pae o ka awawa o Finland i ua hana hydrographer M. F. Reyneke ma 1840 ma ka i ka ho omaulia o ko lākou awelika heluhelu ma ka pedestal pohaku o kekahi o na alahaka ma o ka holo alaʻokoʻa Kanal i kālai papamoe laina. I kekahi mau makahiki i kēia pae hoʻohui a hoʻopaʻa metala papa me ka papamoe hoailona, kokoke coinciding me Aʻohe e hoike ana i ka hohonu moʻokūʻikena.

Ka hali 'kaʻilikai ma ka aina

Ma ka pelapela a me ka 'ilikai anakahi i ua hoʻoneʻeʻia ka hoohaahaaia iho la o ke alahao laina "St. Petersburg - Oranienbaum" a "ua nakiiia ma na" momoku ahi-hoopaa iho la i kekahi o ka hale ma luna o ka Baltic Station. He kēia hoopaa iho la i mai 1892 i Ua he nui ka Aha hoailona no a pau hoohaahaaia iho la ana i loko o ke aupuni.

I ka MH 1946, he hoʻokahi nenoaiu o nā wahi a me nā altitudes i hoʻolauna i loko o ka Soviet Union. Ma ka loiloi mua kiʻekiʻe o ka Baltic Sea i lawe i ka hoailona e like me 'Aʻohe ma ka Kronstadt moʻokūʻikena. 'O kēia ka hooponopono ana i maopopo kahi wahi hoohaahaaia iho la nenoaiu o ka moku'āina. Mai wahi o ka piha 'Aʻohe ' ana i mālama hoʻomaulia kiekie a me ka hohonu no nā wahi lulu nńnń a me ka holoʻaoʻao, hoʻoholo ihola ka Astronomical no spacecraft hana.

ʻano o nā mōlina ma Geodesy

Reference wahi ma ka honua ua denoted e kūkuluʻia i loko o ka palapala o Cairns, papa a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia paipu. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka palapala noi, loaʻa nō kekahi mau 'ano o nā mōlina:

• Kenekulia-kahiko māhele i kulike ai me ka kūikawā noaia ma ka aina. Ka mea, Ua hoʻouka e like me ka olelo ma ka haawi Leeuwerikplein wahi. Ka mea i hoʻohanaʻano nui no ka 'epekema hana.
• Apau e iai? Oaiaaiiua hoohaahaaia iho la laina ma luna o nā mea a pau o ka papa mua (ma waena o naita ma) a me ka hapanui kuleana laina o ka lua o ka papa. Ka mamao ma waena o ka papa - mai ka 50 a hiki i 80 ei. Ka mea, e waiho wale nō i loko o ka lepo i loko o ka palapala o ka pōhaku puna kia a me pylons. No ka hiki ke hoʻohana i ke kahua ńina wale i loko o kekahi mau hihia, ka mea, ua waiho kokoke ka pono maoli-pololei ukali me ka hoolilo ikepili. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ke kākoʻo no ka hoohaahaaia iho la 3 a me ka 4 papa.
• Ano o Nā Māka Hoʻohālike i pā, a me ka pohaku groundwater. Heleuma i ka mamao o ka ma waena o 3.5 a me 7 ei mai kekahi i kekahi, i kēia mau hōʻailona hiki ke kau ma luna o nā mea a pau hoohaahaaia iho la laina.

Ka'ōnaehana o interconnected pono kīvila kanaka, a pono ole i maopopo kahi helu a me konaʻano a GHS - moku'āina geodesic aʻeo ka hoʻolele '.

Cartographic inoa o ke ana manaʻo hōʻailona

Ma ka palapala hooponopono wahi ua hoailono aku la me ka kūikawā icons. Ka mea, i ike okoa ia penei:

• Astronomical kumu;
• no ka GGS puan;
• no ka mea Central nui i mai i loko o ka ?? eoi?;
• maka e ana manaʻo latike;
• hoohaahaaia iho la heluʻai no ka moku'āina geodetic i ulanaʻia.

A pau keia mau kumu i ia ma luna o ka maoli ili o ka Honua me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia pyramids a me maʻamau i maopopo nä haumäna o ka papa. Geodetic-oaio? A, e hoike ana i ka wahi o ka ukana, ua pili i na wahi ma ka palapala, i mea like pololei i hiki, a me ke kiekie hoailona.

He aha ka ka olua wahi? Hookomoia ma ka huina geodetic latike puʻu puu, puʻu a ku-wale hale me spiers, hale kiaʻi a me steeples i hoʻokohu 'ia conditionally aeia lakou e na koa hui icons. Puan GGS pepa me ka nui me ka unahiʻole hoike a pau. Astronomical hua'ōlelo, o ka benchmark, denoted wale i ka hihia ma ka mea mau i ka ho omaka ma ka wahi.

Triangulation (fiducials) 'ikamu, mea hoʻonoho

E hoʻouka i paʻa hoailona epa me ka moku'āina geodetic hoohaahaaia iho la i ulanaʻia. Honua ae hikiʻaoʻao mōlina interconnected ma kahi loihi aku hoʻoholo ma mua. I ka manao a me ka lōʻihi o nā huapalapala hilinaʻi nui ma ka mākaʻikaʻi, kūloko rula, i ka honua, a me ka mamao mai kekahi wahi a hiki i kekahi.

Geodetic heluʻai hiki ke i loko o ka palapala o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia a lāʻau pyramids, pohaku paha pōhaku puna kia. Ke kiekie o kēlā me kēia 'ole hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka paa paena. Kēlā me kēia wahi ponoi mea he Tripod a me ka kākoʻo no ka mea ana mea kani, a me ka kilo.

Lola honua hapa o keia kūkulu hana i loko o ka palapala o ka ninini pōhaku puna kahua monolith. Ma ka loa wahi a mea o ka piko o, paa i hoolei aku i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia i 'ae'. I ka palapala ma luna o ka weuweu Hōʻike i ka helu a me ka 'ano o ka ukana. Inoa o ka hui i lawe mai i ka hana a me ka makahiki o ka mea hoʻonoho i hoolei pu ia me ka i 'ae' (ana i ka nou ana la o hao).

? Ieoaeunoai a fiducial kaha

Nā Māka Hoʻohālike i loko o ka palapala o ka iwi kuamoʻo i ka nou ana la o ka hao, waiho i loko o ka pā o ka hanalima hale, I HOOKUMUIA I, na alahaka a me nā kumu i loko o kākoʻo. Keia ua hana e kanaka hoʻoponopono i ke kūpaʻa moku'āina o nui nā hale. Ma ka iwi kuamoʻo hoailona koe wale palapalaia maluna penei i nā wānana waiwai no ka piʻiʻana hoohaahaaia iho la koʻokoʻo. Ka hoʻokohu 'o ke ana manaʻo hōʻailona hiki ke maheleia i na kēia waeʻano.

• kākoʻo a me ka mana, a nō ka kumu no ka hoomaopopo ana i ke kulana o ka hoʻokumu ahi, e lawe i loko no o ka maluhia a me ka kumupaʻa no ka lōʻihi manawa;
• Kākoʻo - kēia waena kaha i i kahi kūlike o EYI a me ka deformation nā loina, a ma waena o ka olua hoailona;
• ? anoe o ka hao, a i kau 'ana ma luna o nā paia o ka nānāʻana aku i nā hale a me na hale (me ka māhele kulana o ka mea hoʻololi i kēia mau hōʻailona hoʻoneʻe a me ia).

Reference kuhikuhi mai la lakou ma ka hana i ke kumu hoʻomalu o ka 'eleu ka loaʻaʻana o ka hoʻoneʻe' ole instability o ka mea he nui, e like me ka ieie-makua a me ke kiʻekiʻe-ala hale.

Kēia mea a pau e pono ai

Manawa interconnected 'ikamu i koho'ōnaehana i hana moku'āina geodetic i ulanaʻia. Special nā palapala kuhikuhi no kahua o ka hoakaka ia wahi a pau i kēia mau kumu. Ua ike ua hoʻohana 'ia e surveyors e noiʻi i ka Honua i ka ili honua, i loko o ka' enekinia, a me ka geodetic ana no ka kekahi mau pono o ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni.

Mau papa helu a me kahi kūlike o Hawaiʻi e hōʻike aku ai i na luna o ke kaua, hui pū me topographical palapala. Na Gunners i maopopo nö iä ia i ka olua wahi - he hoailona e hoike ana i kekahi kiʻekiʻe, heʻano o ka kākoʻo no ka zeroing ana ma luna o ka honua.

Reference kuhikuhi mai la lakou ma ka mahana ka unahiʻole, Kelekia ua manaoia e ia i ka waiwai o ka hoolapalapa a me ke kūpaleʻana wahi o ka wai ma ka ilikai.

I ka hana, i kēia manaʻo ua hoʻohana 'ia e hōʻike i kekahi kulana, ka wā i kekahi mau hana ke alakai kekahi i ke hoʻokō' ia ka hoʻokō 'ole a me ka pomaikai.

Health, hana

Mai ka olua wahi - ia mea he aka o ka maopopo, he "makau", i kēia manaʻo hiki ke noi i loko o nā hana o ke kanaka hope.

Investigating na kumu o pinepine stress i loko o kanaka, mau noho ana ma Kauhalenui wahi,ʻepekema i ike i ke kumu no ka mea, ua ku pono pilikia makapō 'ia. I ka laha ana o pana pua a me ka laina, na hale monotonous kala like 'ole, he nui helu o kūpaʻa mea negatively e loli ai i ka mea naʻau moku'āina o kekahi kanaka. Psychophysiological kuhikuhi ma ka 'epekema, i kapaʻia ka pilikia makapō kaiapuni, Hawaii i nele i nā hiʻona o kuhikuhipuʻuone Nani Loa hehee wale overloads ka optic nā aʻalolo.

Ka maka pono līkaia no e koho i kekahi wahi, mamuli, o ka pilikia makapō hehee ai o ka makahiki, no laila, i ka lolo, ike iho la i ka papa me kaʻoluʻolu, e kokoke ana i ka mea maoli a me ka harmonious. Wale ina ke kanaka i ke ano o ka aesthetic a me ka mea naʻau iho imua o.

Reference kuhikuhi mai la lakou ma ka hana - he ano o airbags. Ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana 'e hoʻonui i ka hoʻok & hiki o ka hana. Inā mākou e lawe i ke kumu no kekahi o ka ke kūʻai akuʻana i kūpono a me ka moku'āina o na mea i loko o ka he au, he mea hiki ke kuhikuhi i ka hulina ana e e ia e hoʻololi i ke kahua no ka maikaʻi.