Chehova Antona Pavlovichaʻike hoʻokumu. Papa Inoa o ka mea maikai i na hana e

Chekhov ka hana i kū hoʻokahi. Figuratively olelo ana, oia - kekahi o na kanaka nunui o ka puna Lūkini moʻokalaleo o ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia, i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka hou makakū iaoia. manaoio no hoi Anton Pavlovich hoopau playwright. mea i hoʻokumu i kana mau hana a hiki i keia ala o ka Lūkini aupuni hale kiaka. Ka mea, eia nō i kokua kupono ma ke kuʻina o Rusia a me ke ao loa mea manaʻo hale kiaka.

Classic olelo Classics

Leo Tolstoy Ua kokua mahalo hana o Chekhov. Tolstoy ua kūkākūkāʻia i Chekhov - he mea kākau kū hoʻokahi i loko o ke ao nei. o kona characterization o ka "Seagull" mea kākau piha o ke ohohia: "Chekhov - o Pushkin ka Ana Aina!" koʻikoʻi novelist kapa aku la ia ia i ka luaʻole artist, nana i hana i na ano o ka palapala, i ka mea, aole loa ia halawai.

Makakū iaoia Chekhov loaʻa i kona muli, a ma na kapakai o Albion. English playwright a me ka novelist Dzhon Golsuorsi kaulana i wale i ka pono ia ma English moʻokalaleo Chekhov. Halaman o kaʻike hoʻokumu i ke aloha ia ia, i noonoo, i ka nui, e Bernard Shaw. No ka laʻana, i kona "Heartbreak House" kapa i ka hula o Pelekāne "i loko o ka Lūkini kaila"

Ma ka makakū ano o ka mea kākau moʻolelo

Ua, Chekhov lilo i mea ho'ākamai, kipaku aku meʻe komo i loko o externally kau hana ma ka artificially e pili ana me ka hana malu, ma deliberate haawi i ka mea kākau i kana hana, hoʻokipaʻia. I hoʻi no nā mea a pau keia, Anton Pavlovich ua i ka papa kuhikuhiE pulakaumaka o kana mau hana ua 'oni iki i ka nui nä meaʻai mea. Ma ka moʻolelo o kana mau hana hoʻokani mua violin loli o ka noʻonoʻo 'ana o nā huapalapala, nāʻano o kona kū'ē i nā ana, ka hale oaeouee?.

Anton i ka manao e hana i ke ao nei i ka maikaʻi, wahine holoi, kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ma ka luna o kona oe. Chekhov kaʻike hoʻokumu, ma hope keia rula, ka mea makemake e hoala i ka "ola a pau" i loko o ka mea heluhelu. Classic i loko o ka hana wale hōʻike i ke kanaka e like me kana mea. Ka mea kākau Aʻole i flirt me ka hoolohe, oia ua e imi i hoʻopā iā ia,ʻaʻole embellishing i kekahi mea. Kona punahele huapalapala - hoʻonaʻauao kanaka downmix lakou iho e futlyarnoy ola ma luna o ka wahaheʻe a me ka poʻe kūkulu hale nesytoy opu, e like me ka poeikohoia o na kanaka kākau i nāʻilihune, a me ka hoʻoweliweli i ka moku'āina o indifferent dullness.

Ua mea i nui ke kuapo i ka hana o Chekhov penei na kumu, ka mea, ua maopopo:

1. Ke brevity o ka manaʻo Classic kahea aku la kona kaikaina o ka tālena mea,ʻaʻole ma ka makehewa. He 'Oi ka makemake concise, ia laua ke hoopaa moʻolelo. He meaʻoiaʻiʻo o kona poʻe heluhelu, ka mea, i loko o kona manao, ia e imi i ke ano, a hiki ina ka huina hoonui a me ka luna '.
2. I Chekhov mau mea pāʻani mau i ka nui a Mānoa, seemingly uuku lāliʻi. Ka mea, i ole e ike i na hana, e like me ka mea he allusion i ka papa, i ka kihi o kona mau manaʻo.
3. No ka Chekhov kaila ua wehewehe aku ma ke kaulike hōʻikeʻano, no ka mea, ua hoomaopopoia i ka hopena e hana i ka mea heluhelu.
4. Czechs no ka poe mamo kokoke i ole palapala hōʻike hewa ( "Kashtanka" a me "White-ke alo" - he koe). He manaoio aku i ke keiki e e heluhelu ana, e koho i ka mea maikaʻi o ka moʻokalaleo "makua".

Eia naʻe, formulating he pono e nānā i ka hana o na Classics, ka mea makemake e Logical e kumumea i ka evolution o ke kahua o kona makakū hana. Eia ke ano o ko mākou study, e ia i ke Kawaihae a me ka hana o Chekhov.

Ka mua ka hoao ana o kaʻike hoʻokumu

Anton Chekhov Ua hānauʻia ma luna o January 17, 1860 ma Taganrog i loko o ka ohana ilihune o ka poʻe kālepa. Here ia i puka 'o ia mai ke kulanakauhale aku o ka gymnasium. ʻO loko o ka ua noho papa aku la ia i ka mea kākau o ka makua ha awina paʻi ma Popular Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke "Alarm", "Dragonfly", "ke koena ai". No laila, mai ka manawa'ōpio wale nō e loaʻa i ke kālā, o loi e pono ai no kaʻohana, Chekhov.

Ia manawa, i ka hopena o kekahi kanaka ui, i ka hoomakaukau ana i ordeal:, he umikumamahiku, e ae ana i ka nui li nui o ka peritoneum, e like me kekahi mana i,, noʻonoʻo i ka hoike ana mua o kona tuberculosis. E like me ka hiki i kekahi mana, kaheaia ma ka Kumu VI Razumovsky, Anton Chekhov i ka pōʻino, e hoohihia ai ia ia ma ke kulanui lumi papa o ka Lapaʻau o ka'Āuna Kumu Kula.

Mai 1879 a hiki i ka opiopio Chekhov hoomaka i ka pilikia a me ka manawa-e hoopau ana haʻawina ma Moscow University, a, pili journalistic aayoaeuiinoe. E like me na memoirs o Anton Pavlovich, ka mea, ua kokoke paʻakikī e hui pu iho aʻo me kaʻeleu makakū laulima, ke alualu mau hare hoi - lāʻau a me ka moʻokalaleo. I ka nui, e hoike ana ia ia ua me kona mau makua, hoahanau eha a me ke kaikuahine e noho ana i loko o kekahi mea uuku keʻena ma Moscow. A koke hiki ohana Ua pinepine koiia mai e imi i Chekhov i kākau.

Humorous moʻoleloʻo ia i ka ohi ana o "loafers a me complacent" (1882), i i ole paʻiʻia ma ka censorship kumu. I ka hoʻokō 'ole' mua hooeueuia lakou wale no ka i opuu ae kākau moʻolelo. He hope ma ka typical'opihia hoʻomanaʻo hōʻike e pili ana i kona kino ways i ka hana, "kēia ola hiki ole e maemae."

A laila, e aggravate i ka mumulu mai holo mālie o ke ola i ka maʻi. I ka 1884 palapala, mai ka hoʻopuka mai o ka Magazine "Shards" iwakalua-eha Chekhov complains o ke kuni, a me ka hikiʻole, e komo i loko o hou me ka hana pono. He kālele loa ma ka palapala, ai hope. I ka 1884, ua paʻi i kona puke "aoi o Melpomene," ma lalo o ka pseudonym Antosha Chehonte, a ma ka 1886 - "Ka lei moʻolelo." Ma ka lua o ka buke o Humorous nā moʻolelo Chekhov i oi kaʻoi loa - he parody. Here kona tālena hoike aku ia ia iho i loko o ka 'ano moʻokalaleo Ke o puke kātuna Anohana. Kākau UOAAaOON ia iho ma na mea he nui Huli i. He ho okolohua. A me ka makemake ke aloha, me kona parody o ke kaulana puke i mahaloia.

Naʻe, i ka wā e hiki mai Classics nō hoihoi i ka mea moʻokalaleo. Ia mea i loko o kēia moʻolelo, Chekhov kakau iho la oia i ka eia. "Vanya" (1886) i kāna moʻolelo o eiwa keiki makua apprentice shoemaker Aliakhin, exploited a discriminated e ku e ia i ke keiki, kahea aku la i kona kupunakane Constantine Makarych lawe iā ia mai loko mai o keia " 'epekema oihana." Over kekahi keiki, he makua, bullied papa kiʻekiʻe apprentice, kona mau kui iho oe a huki ma ka lauoho wale cobbler. Boy kākau i loko o ka mālama '-Noel po. Memories a me ka manaolana e holo pololei ana ma kona manaʻo, vividly lawe heluhelu Chekhov. Vanka - he keiki, a me ka ia i hoouna ia ia i ka palapala me ka mamo ka pēnēia naivety "i loko o ka kauhale o koʻu kupuna kāne." Alaila, i ka poʻe heluhelu i ua ole heluhelu Constantine Makarych, a aole hoi he loli i loko o ka pilikia ke ola o ke keiki.

E paa ana ia mea kākau Chekhov

Mai 1885, e hoʻomaka ana i ka hana me ka mea nui ka palapala, ai ka lehulehu ākea: "Lūkini, manao iho la", "Hawaiian KA LAHUI". Ua Ua paʻiʻia pōkole moʻolelo "Name Day", ka moʻolelo "Ka hehi", "A manakā Moʻolelo," "Kashtanka" Chekhov. I ka makahiki 1887, ua paʻiʻia nā hoiliili ole o ka moʻolelo ( "Na hala a ka olelo" a me "I ka wanaʻao"), i ka 1888 - "Bay" i 1890 - "Gloomy kanaka." Ia ia ia ke hele mai i ka hoʻomaopopo pono. I ka 1888, ka mea kākau moʻolelo i i hookoia ka Pushkin uku uuku (hapalua).

He ano e loa o na hana o keia mea kākau, a vnezhanrovym, ke talena o ka mea kākau, e hoʻopaʻa i ka pono nui o ko lākou mau hiʻona. No ka laʻana, "Kashtanka" Chekhov aloha ma ka hanauna o nā keiki. Ua pinepine ae la oia Film. Ka mea, he makemake i i e hiki pono o ka moʻolelo e pili ana i ana i ka ilio (he keʻa ma waena o ka dachshund a me ka mongrel) initially nalowale haku, a laila,ʻaneʻane lilo i ka circus, anapu koke au loaʻa ia. All Chekhov ka puni hoʻi:ʻaʻohe kupua,ʻaʻohe mermaids. Naʻe, i ka moʻolelo i mau aloha keiki.

Hele ana a hiki i Sakhalin

Ua mea noteworthy i ke Kawaihae a me ka hana ana o Chekhov ka evince i loko o ia i kekahi kanaka i mea ole wale he nui observant, akā loaʻeleu a me ka inquisitive. I ka 1890, oia embarks i ka hele ana a hiki i Sakhalin. Kona nā manaʻo o ka aneane ekolu-malama alanui ma Siberia, ia IeEeAUUXAAaO i loko o ka moʻo o ka pepa (essay) "Mai Siberia". A laila kekahi na malama ekolu, o ka mea kākau moʻolelo hāhai ma Sakhalin, kahi ia i ho'āʻo i ka maopopo i kaʻike manaʻo a me ke ola ana o convicts, a hope hoi i Odessa ma ka moana, e hoʻopaʻi ana naʻe Hong Kong awa ma. Ceylon, Kēkēmapa, Tureke. Ma muli o mea, mai ka hele ana eha-makahiki,ʻo ia i hoʻomaka e hana ma luna o ka puke o ka pepa (essay) "Sakhalin". Holo ana i ka hale, ia i kuai lilo mai i loko o ka Moscow mokuna nani loa waiwai o Melikhovo.

Melikhovo - ike Sakhalin loina. Ka hou kahua o ka honua

Kawaihae a me ka hana o Chekhov, e like me ka moʻokalaleo, hoʻonaniʻia me ka loa kūikawā i hala, i kapaʻia ka hoʻoikaika a me ka inoa o ka "Melikhovo". I ia manawa, kūikawā flair Classic Anton Pavlovich i manao ai i ka loli i loko o ke kaiāulu, pili me ka pohupani hale o ka feudal hui, e like hoʻi me ka hoʻomaopopo i ka pupuka hahai reactionary kālai'āina. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole wale nō ma luna o ka ohi ana o "Sakhalin" hana Anton Pavlovich, ka mea i lilo, ma hope, i ka waiwai, i loko o kona newfound nani loa waiwai.

Ka hiʻona io kemokalaka kākau moʻolelo - Ua alahula mau. Nā kānaka kūʻai mai i literally hele liʻiliʻi me ka puke shelves 'ae' ia A. P. Chehov "nā moʻolelo a me nā novels." mea manaʻo moʻolelo "Ward №6» i pau i loko o ka mua makahiki Melikhovo wā o kaʻike hoʻokumu. Ikaika kū hoʻokahi Chekhovian kiʻi o ka weliweli oho lepero kulanakauhale, kahi a pau i ka makakū lōʻihi-stifled, ma ka "Hawaii" e pono i ka haukapila akā, i ka hale paahao, i hao i ka poʻe heluhelu a me nā mea a pau i ka merciless oiaio, e hoolike oe kahaha: "No ke aha la, ia mākou i ...". Ka hewa, nona ka paʻa o loko o ka haukapila kiola i nā loina o ka humanism Dr. Ragin, i kona make (o ka uku o ka manaoio) e oe manaʻo e pili ana i pehea nae ke ola kanaka.

New hana ma Chekhov convincingly hoike maopopo i holopono nō hanana kākau nāna i kū aʻela i ka hou kahua o kaʻike hoʻokumu.

Melikhovo. Kaʻike o ke kahua o ka peasantry

Anton Pavlovich, mahalo i ka kela la i keia hora o ka hana, ua lilo ka io kālai'āina haku. He aʻo e ike i ka pā o ka lā ka mea, ua mua o nā maka o nā miliona o kona poe hoahanauna kanaka, akā, ka mea i i hoʻomaopopoʻia e ia.

Rusia ma kona kāna mau 'ōlelo i ke kua'āina aina. He ma Melikhovo ia e hoʻokele i ka nana ole i mālama malie keonimana populists. Inquisitively hahai na ola o ka hola kauhale Kryukovo a me Ugryumova A. P. Chehov. Moʻolelo "Nānā 'Study", "petticoat", e like me ka hoike, ma ka au mamuli eh ÷ ike ai kanaka maoli, a me na parasites - ". Ino" kālepa Hrymin, a me ka ike maopopo a pau

Czechs wehe no ka lehulehu heluhelu kua'āina Rusia. No ka demagoguery, ke moe paku aloha populists a me kā lākou naʻauao o nā pono kīvila o na kauwa, ua he kipi o ka noho malie. Kona Hi ohia kona Chekhov moʻolelo "kauwa". Ma kona Classic hai akea i kauwa pinepine "ʻoi aku ma mua o ola holoholona." Ka mea, eia no ka hapanui loa appallingly "ilihune neuhozheny, ua inu hoʻi,ʻino." Ka mea, i ka uhane ano e underdeveloped, ka mea, he pinepine "ka makaʻu a me ka manaʻo pü '" kekahi i kekahi. Kēia kanaka e ae aku, mai o lakou kue ana i ka pono kanaka o ko lākou hanohano kanaka. Ka mea, e pono e hoʻonaʻauao, i ko lakou mau mea e pono ai e ke hoʻopakele '!

Chekhov hana enthusiastically. Wā hoomanao i ka malamalama ma kana oihana i loko o Melikhovo pinepine puhi i ka po.

A nā waihoʻoluʻu o ka Classic

Pehea nā waihoʻoluʻu o kēia haku, e wehewehe ana i loko o ka moʻo o ka nui hana o Chekhov koke kākau keiki i ka moʻolelo "White-ke alo". Maoli, i kekahi o ka palapala, ai 'kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a i ole ana i ka "lunaʻenehana o kanaka uhane", e hiki wawe vnezhanrovogo moʻolelo külana. A me ka mea puni hoʻi ka pane: ia i aloha keiki. Ka pōʻino i ole Hoopaa iho la ia: he mea kākau nui me ka tuberculosis kā lākou poʻe keiki, ke ole e. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia i malama i na mamo a kauwa, hoala ia lakou i ke kula ma luna o lākou iho pilikino kālā.

He - He versatile kākau moʻolelo. Hoomaopopoia Ouji, ma lalo o ka aoao o ko mākou hopohopo kŰia, kena ae la ia ma kona mau ino moe, anapu koke hana i mea pīhoihoi, a pilialoha hana "Ka Black Monk", a maalea ulana pūʻia pilikia o ke ano akamai a me ka hanaia'na.

Ma waho ka hanaʻoia iʻo, Chekhov hana a me ka hana me ka autobiographical hehee wale (ka puke "My Life"). Ma "ka Hale me ka Mezzanine" a me ka "Goosebumps" Classic i kāna moʻolelo o ka diametrically e ku pono anaʻaoʻao o ka capitalization o na kauhale: ka hiolo ana o "Noble pūnana" a me ka nele ana o spirituality i loko o ka hou "haku o ke ola", i ka poʻe kālepa. Ka moʻolelo hope-i olelo ia me "ke Man i loko o ka Nānā '" a me ka "About Love" mea he trilogy.

Ma kekahi mau "Melikhovo" hana keaka

Ma Melihove Anton Pavlovich hana i ka maikaʻi loa hula "Uncle Vanya". E like me ka mea succinctly ia expresses kanaka ingratitude a me ka manao ua loaʻa ma laila! Vanya pololei lawelawe kauaʻana, Prof. haawi ia scanty uku. Ka mea nāna nō e kūʻai lilo aku ia,ʻaʻole worrying e pili ana i ka hopena o ka ke kanaka, "a oia tamed" (ka hope phraseology - mai "Ka Little Prince" Exupery).

Ka Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo ma aoao, e lawe mai i ke akamai o ka playwright, e hana i kekahi hou masterpiece - "Ka Seagull" hula. Chekhov It ma storylines o kekahi mau huapalapala hiki aku ai i ka lohe i ka ka maoli nō ua mälie kū hoʻokahi no kona aliʻi i kēiaʻaoʻao o ka hana ana o ka uhane, piha o ka hāʻule pohō wale, nā mōhai e maopopo. He ka hula o ka heroine Nina Zarechnaya, steadily kēia oihana, a lilo i mea hana keaka. He ano i nā kiʻi o ka hana - ka maoli kanaka kipa Melikhovo a me storylines paani nui i like me ko lakou mau ola me ka make.

Yalta au o kaʻike hoʻokumu

I ka 1898, he Classic maʻi worsened, aʻo ia, a me kona ohana neʻe i Yalta. A hiki November 1899 (a ianoiyuaa a ma lalo o kūkulu hale) Anton holo ÿana i Moscow, kahi āna e hoʻolimalima aku i keʻena. Kukulu e eiooaa? I hoʻokahiʻiʻo drawback no ka maʻi kanaka: ia mea anu i loko o ka hooilo. E uhau ana, ua pono kau mai e'a'ā ana. 'Ikamu mea kākau paipai i ka hooilo ma kana oihana mahana ua 11-12 degere.

Ma Yalta, ka mea kākau moʻoleloʻae nō hoʻi i ole makemake. Eia hou kekahi, no hoi ia ia i nele i ka mau no Melikhovo hou mahiʻai ai. Ua like ka mea kēlā wā i kēia wā kipa ke kaikuahine Maria Pavlovna wā. Naʻe, ka mea, uaʻaʻole pinepine.

Kākau Classics ma Yalta, i loko o kona mau memoirs, nuiʻoi aku ma mua i loko o Melekhovo. I ka 1901, ua palapala mai i ka hula "Three Sisters", pōkole nā moʻolelo "Ka Lede me ka Dog", "Hale". E like me ke Melikhovo nā manaʻo hana i loko o 1903 ke hoʻoholo 'ia ka hana o ka "nā kānakaʻenehana o kanaka uhane" - ". Ka kamako iki kīhāpai" i ka hula Ua Ua wehewehe aku e komoʻana me ke kamako iki kīhāpai o ka wā e hiki mai ana o Rusia.

Ma nā makahiki, ke ola lilo iho oiʻeleu maʻi. Ka mea kākau moʻolelo make ma luna o July 2, 1904 ma ka German kūlanakauhale Spa o Badenweiler.

ka hopena

Mai noho 'ana kamaliʻi, i ko kakou ola nā Chekhov ka puke. He no ka hanaia'na o ka mea kākau-moe, ka mea ma ka hopena o XIX kenekulia ua hiki ke convincingly hōʻike lākou compatriots i nā hana i ke ola okoa. He ua he staunch hoa paio o ka hoʻokae 'ole, a ma ka mea ia manawa, he kū hoʻokahi haku o ka olelo. Anton i kapaia e kūkulu hou ola kekahi,ʻala a me ka maikai e like me ka kamako iki kīhāpai.