Chlorine: ano Nine Inch a me ka physical waiwai

I maoli ua loaʻa chlorine i loko o ka gaseous moku'āina, a ma ke ano o ka hui a me nā kinoea wale. Ma na kumu e kokoke i ka maʻamau, ia mea heʻawahia corrosive kinoea he omaomao iki waihoʻoluʻu. Ua hāpai oi ke kaupaonaʻana ma mua o ka lewa. He mai he mea ala oluolu. chlorine lātoma maupaʻa mau nā'ātoma. Ma ka quiescent moku'āina 'aʻole e puhi, akā, ma kiʻekiʻe mahana hana me ka hydrogen, ma hope i ka pilikia o ka Naita. E like me ka hopena, ke kinoea ua hookuu phosgene. Loaʻawahia. Penei, a hiki ma haʻahaʻa nā hoʻohui like ma ka lewa (0.001 mg no 1 dm ³⁾ hiki i ka make. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o nonmetal chlorine Hawaii i ka mea, ua kaumaha ia ma mua o ke ea, a ma keia hope aku, e mau ia kokoke i ka papahele ma ke ano o ka yellowish-uliuli Ohana.

mōʻaukala kūʻiʻo

No ka mea manawa mua i loko o ka hana pono i loaa mai i kēia mea i loko o 1774 K. Shelee g. Ma ka hoʻohuiʻia hydrochloricʻakika a me ka pyrolusite. Eia naʻe, wale i ka 1810 G. P. Devi ua hiki ia i emi iho i ka chlorine a me ka hookupaa aku ia ia mea he kaʻawale Nine Inch hehee ai.

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ia i ka 1772, Dzhozef Pristli ua hiki ke loaa hydrogen koloriside - chlorine hui me ka hydrogen, aka, e hookaawale i kēia mau oihana mua o ka chemist i hiki ole.

Nine characterization o chlorine

Chloro - Nine Inch hehee ai kāna mau 'ōlelo pae VII o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina pae. Ua waiho ia ma ke kolu o ka manawa, a me ka mai he'ātoma helu 17 (17 protons i loko o ka nucleus). Ke kū'ē nonmetal. Denoted palapala Cl.

He He typical Luna o halogens. Kēia kinoea, me ka waihoʻoluʻu a pau, akā, i ka pahi, pungent ala. IeAUPIIe, IAa IOʻawahia. All halogens ua pono nāu kekahi i loko o ka wai. Ma ka hui 'ana me ka hua lewa hoomaka ana i ka uahi.

Ka mawaho huina'ine hoʻonohonohoʻia 3s2Zr5 Cl'Ātoma. Nolaila, ma ka hui ana o ka Nine Inch hehee ai ho'āʻoʻia'okesaside pae i -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6 a me +7. Ke covalent ke kahahńnai o ka'Ātoma 0,96Å, ionic kahahńnai Cl- 1,83 i,'Ātoma huina'ineʻo Solomona o 3.65 eV, 12,87 eV o ka ionization pae.

I kaulana ma luna, chlorine mea he 'ano kaila nonmetal e leie aku i ka mea i hanaia o ka i huiʻia me ka aneane pau ke hooheheeia (i loko o kekahi mau hihia hoʻohana wela a ma ka ona mau pau ka bromo) a me nonmetals. Ma me ka pauka, palapala ia reacts wale nō me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ma kiʻekiʻe mahana.

ʻO kā mākou'ā mahana - 2250 ° C. No ka mea, o oxygen mea hiki ke ho okumu i oxides, hypochlorites, chlorites a me chlorates. A pau o ka hui i loaʻa ka oxygen, e pahū ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me oxidizable waiwai. It E e kaulana ia chlorine oxides hiki ana explode ana chlorates explode wale i ka wa i hooleiiaʻi mawaho i kekahi initiators.

Ano o ka chlorine ma kulana i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana:

• mea waiwai;
•ʻumikumamāhiku pūʻulu hehee ai o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina;
• ke kolu o ka makahiki o ke kolu o ka lalani;
• hiku o ka pūʻulu ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu;
•'ātoma helu 17;
• Kû ke Cl hōʻailona;
• kū'ē nonmetal;
• mea he halogen pūʻulu;
• i kumu kokoke loa i ka maʻamau, ia mea he nahesa niho kinoea yellowish-uliuli ano me ka pungentʻala;
• he chlorine'Ātoma lātoma he 2 (haʻilula Cl _2).

Ke physical waiwai o ka chlorine:

• baila aʻela i wahi: -34,04 ° C;
• Heheʻe wahi: -101,5 ° C;
• ka pa apŘ i loko o ka gaseous moku'āina - 3, 214 g. / K;
• ka pa apŘ o ke kinowai ai chlorine (baila aʻela i manawa) - 1,537 g. / Knm ^3;
• ka nuʻa o ka paa chlorine - 1,9 g. / Knm ^3;
• 'ilepili ka leo - 1,745 m 10 ^-3 L / g.

Chlorine: ano wela loli

Ma ka gaseous moku'āina i ka hiki e hoopuni liquefied. Ma ka puʻe o 8 me ka lewa, a me ka wela o ka 20 ° C eia kahi mea akaka me he omaomao iki-melemele wai. Ua loaʻa He kiʻekiʻe loa corrosive waiwai. E like me ka hana pono E hoike mai, i kēia Nine Inch hehee ai ke malama i ka kinowai moku'āina i ai i ka pilikia mahana (143 ° C), nae ka'aloʻahiʻa māhuahua.

Inā ka mea, ua ho'ēmi ai i ka wela o ka -32 ° C, ia hoʻololi kona physical moku'āina i ka wai a nānā 'ole o ka lewapuni puʻe. Ma hou hakumakuma o ka mahana o ka crystallization ia lŘlŘ (ka exponent -101 ° C).

Chlorine ma ke ano maoli

Ka chlorine honua pńpa he wale 0,017%. Ke bulk mea i loko o ka lua pele. E like me hōʻike luna, me ka lako e mai i ka nui Nine Inch haʻawina, no laila mea maoli ia lŘlŘ me nā kumumea i loko i huiʻia. Ma ke aha ka ai iiiaanoaa o nā minelala hao loaʻa chlorine. ano hehee ai apono 'i ke kahua o ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneriʻokoʻa nā minelala hao. Nō kāu, i kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia chlorides.

Nō hoʻi, he nui ka nui o loko o na moana -ʻaneʻane 2%. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i ka mea, 'Imi hoike mai chlorides, a hohola iho la i ke kōkua o nā muliwai a me ka moana. Ka mea nana e hoole kaʻina. Chlorine holoi hoʻi i ke kai, a laila, i ka makani hāpai ia ia ma ke kaiāulu. Ia mea ke kumu o ka kiʻekiʻe loa lehulehu malamaia ma ka Hawaiian wahi. Ma arid mau mea o ko ke ao nei i mua o mākou kinoea ua i hanaʻia ma ke omoāea o ka wai, ai ka Saline hōʻike. Makahiki i loko o ke ao nei produces ma kahi o 100 miliona nā kana o ka waiwai. Mea, naʻe, 'aʻole kahaha ko oukou naau, no ka mea, ua nui mahinaʻai i loaʻa chlorine. Ano o ia, nae, pili kēia hilinaʻi nui kaʻoi loa ma luna o kona Leeuwerikplein wahi.

Nā Papahana no ka hana chlorine

I kēia lā, aia i kekahi mau ano no ka hana chlorine, ka loa, he pono ole o i i ke kēia:

1. Diaphragm. He ka easiest a emi ke kumu. Ke brine i loko o ka diaphragm electrolysis komo i ka anode makahiki. Eia, ma ka kila hei cathode kahe ana i loko o ka puka. Ua loaʻa he uuku nui o polymeric olona. An pono o keia mea ka countercurrent. Ua Ua kauoha mai ke anode pahu i ka cathode, hiki kaawale loaa a me ka chloro waina mua.

2.ʻili lahilahi. Ka hapanui ikehu-efficient, akā, slozhnoosuschestvim hui. I 'ano like me ka diaphragm. Ke koena unuhi o ia ka anode a me ka cathode makahiki e pau kaawale ma kaʻili lahilahi. Nolaila, ke auoiaea i nā hualoaʻa ma nā kaʻawale kahawai.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka characterization o ka Nine Inch. hehee ai (chlorine) i loaa mai ma kēia mau kiʻina hana e e okoa. More "maemae" ua manaoia e ia i kaʻili lahilahi hana.

3. Ka Hereme papa hana me ka wai a cathode. Ke hoʻohālikelike i nā loea, keia koho e leie aku oe, e loaa i ka chlorine loa maemae.

Kiʻikuhi kiʻikuhi o ka mea hoʻonoho ninoieo o ka halepaahao, a me ka interconnected EII ni, a me ka amalgam decomposer. E like me ka cathode ua EII ni me ka EII ni Hereme paakai pāʻoihana a me ka anode - kalapona a graphite nā uila aʻa lolo. Rula o ka mea hoʻonoho mea like penei: ka electrolyte ua hookuu mai ka chlorine i ua hookuu mai o ka halepaahao me ka anolyte. Mai ka hope huikala ua wehe 'a me ka chlorine residues donasyschayut halite, a hou hoi i ka electrolysis.

Olelo no ka Maluhia o ka Lehulehu a me ka pono ole? Iecaianoaaiiuo alakai aku i ka hope o ka paa cathode wai.

I ka hoʻohana 'ana o chlorine ma ka hanalima noi

chlorineʻeleu waiwai ae kona hoʻohana i ka hana. Me keia Nine Inch hehee ai loaa kekahi organochlorine i huiʻia (vinyl koloriside, chloro-laholio, etc.), ai ', disinfectants. Akā, no ka nui niche ku i loko o ka hana o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o hydrochloricʻakika a me ka Lime.

Hoʻomano hoʻohana kāu kiʻina hana no ka hoomaemae ana o ka inu wai. I ka lā, e ho'āʻo ana e neʻe aku mai keia hana, ke kūapoʻana ia me ka ozonation, no ka mea, mākou e noonoo pono i ka waiwai i ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole ma o ka kanaka kino, i chlorinated wai pepehi pipelines. Ua ua kena ae la ia e ka mea i loko o ka noa moku'āina Cl detrimental hopena ma luna o nāʻohe i mai polyolefins. Aka hoi, ka hapanui aina e haawi aku ana kāu mau koho a hiki i ka chlorination hana.

No hoi, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o chlorine metallurgy. Me ia, loaa i ka helu o ke nānā i eliiaʻi (niobium, tantalum, titanium). Ma ka Nine Inch hana 'Imi hoʻohanaʻokoʻa organochlorine i huiʻia no ka paioʻana ka nāhelehele, a no nā mahiʻai hana, a me ka hehee ai ua hoʻohana' ia me ka Hekikai.

Manawa i kona Nine Inch 'ole chloro pepehi loa ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole make. Keia ua loaʻa ma ka piha ke loloʻa aʻe. Kēia hualoaʻa mea hiki wale ina ke alo o ka wai, no ka loloʻa kaʻina mea ma muli o ke 'ātoma oxygen, a ua hanaʻia ma hope o ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ka chlorine: Cl ₂ + H ₂ O → HCl + HClO → 2HCl + O. Ua loaʻa noi mau kenekulia aku nei kēia papa hana, a ua mahaloia, a i kēia lā.

A loa kaulana hana o keia waiwai no ka organochlorine insecticides. Mau mahiʻai huahana pepehi nā palapala meaola, waiho kōna mea kanu. A nui hapa o ka heluna chlorine hua mai i loko o ke ao nei hele i ka mahiʻai ana.

Ua ua i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana o ka laholio a me ka ea i huiʻia. Me kā lākou kōkua, i uea'īpale, kālana, Lako, hale nā mīkini home iwi, a no laila, ma luna o. D. Aia o ka manao i ka rubbers loaa i loko o keia alanui, ka hewa ana i kānaka, akā, ka mea, ua i hoopaaia ma ka 'epekema.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka chlorine (ano mea i hoʻi i loko o au mamuli mamua aku) a me kona nā mea loaʻa e like me makeke kinoea, a phosgene, hoʻohana 'ia i loko o koa palapala noi no ka Nine Inch kaua konohiki.

Chlorine me he ao alohilohi i ka Luna o ka non-i eliiaʻi

Nonmetals - na mea waiwai, i nā kinoea a me ke kinowai. Ma ka hapanui o na hihia, ka mea hana uilaʻoi aku ma mua o ke hooheheeia, a i lula 'oko i loko o ke kino ai, a me mechanical ano. Me ka kiʻekiʻe ionization kiʻekiʻe hiki ke ho okumu i kekahi covalent Nine Inch hui. ʻO kēia hōʻike o ke kumu hoohalike o ke nonmetal chlorine e e haawiia mai.

Me ua i haiia ae maluna, keia Nine Inch hehee ai o ke kinoea. Ma lalo o maʻamau ana, ia mea pau loa ma kahi e waiwai like ai i ka poe o ke hooheheeia. Ole mawaho kōkua i ole pane koke me ka o oxygen, naikokene, kalapona a me kekahi poe e ae. Kona hōʻike nō ia o oxidizing waiwai o ka pili 'o Randy me ka noonoo ole a me ka kekahi luna' waiwai. Ua pili ia i ka halogens, i maopopo lewa i loko o kona Nine Inch ano. Na i huiʻia me ka koena o halogens (bromine, astatine, iodine), displaces ia. Ke gaseous chlorine (ano o ia - he pololei maopopo) ua pono nā mea hoʻoheheʻe. He he maikaʻi loa disinfectant. Wale pepehi ola meaola, aʻo ka mea paʻa ma ka mahiai a me ka laau lapaau.

E hoʻohana i make

Ano chlorine'Ātoma e leie aku kona hoʻohana like me kaʻawahia Agena. Kinoea i hoʻohana muaʻia e Kelemânia, ka 04/22/1915, iloko o ka First World War, like me ka hopena o ka makeʻana o ma kahi o 15 tausani. Ke kanaka. Ma ka manawa, e like me ka make , aole ia e pili.

E mai e haawi aku i ka manawa pōkole ano o ka Nine Inch hehee ai me ka hakui o hope paha. Ka mea, e loli ai ka kanaka kino ma suffocation. Ka hoʻolako 'mua luna airway ae hookaawale a me ka maka ae hookaawale. Ua hoʻomaka me ka puʻu bouts o ka breathlessness. Next, penetrating i loko o ka maʻiʻaʻai, ke kinoea corrodes ka akemāmā'aʻaʻa, i nā hualoaʻa ma ka edema. Nui! Chlorine mea hookeai waiwai.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka lehulehu i loko o ka lewa, symptoms hiki e okoa. At haʻahaʻa nā hoʻohui like i loko o kānaka redness o ka mucous membranes, mehana pokole o ka hanu. Maʻiʻo ma ka lewa o ka 1.5-2 g. / M + ³ kumu no ke oolea a me thrills i loko o ka pahu,ʻoi kaʻeha i loko o ka luna Air. Nō hoʻi, ka moku'āina hiki e ukali ma kekahi lacrimation ikaika. Ma hope o 10-15 minuke i loko o ka lumi me ia i ka lehulehu o ka chlorine ia lŘlŘ ikaika'ā maʻiʻaʻai a me ka make. I ka denser nā hoʻohui like e hiki ka make i loko o minuke mai lōlō o ke keena naehana'āpana.

I ka hana ana me keia waiwai, ua pono e hoʻohana aiiay kapa, ea paha, Loan.

Chlorine i loko o ke ola o ka meaola a me nā mea kanu

Chlorine mea he hapa o aneane pau loa e noho ana meaola. Ka makamake nui mea i ka mea, i ole e ike i ka maemae palapala, a ma ka palapala o ka hui.

I ka holoholona a me kanaka meaola o chlorine Ion ua malamaia no osmotic like. Ua ua kena ae la ia e ka mea i ka mea, i ka loa e pono huahelu no ka anal o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. A me ka potasiuma Ion Cl regulates i ka wai a me ka paakai koena. Ma ka liʻiliʻi, ke chlorine Ion ho okumu i ka maikaʻi 'ia ai ka hana o proteolytic nā'ūhū o ka gastric wai. Koloriside auwai a i hoakaka ia ma na keena o ka kino. Ma kā lākou mau intercellular fluids ia lŘlŘ a pH mālama keena. About 85% o ka huina o ka leo o keia hehee ai i loko o ke kino o loko o ka intercellular makahiki. Excreted ma ka urethra. Ua ua hua mai la ia e ka wahine kino i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka breastfeeding.

Ma keia kahua o ka? Acaeoey mea uniquely paʻakikī i ka olelo pono mea i ka maʻi hoʻonāukiukiʻana mai o chlorine a me kona hui. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka nele o ka noiʻi i loko o kēia wahi.

Nō hoʻi, ke chlorine Ion a pau loa imua i kanu keena. He ua 'Imi' ole i loko o ka ikehu pūnao. Me keia hehee ai o ke kaʻina hana o ka kāʻamaʻai mea,ʻaʻole hiki. Me ka mea aʻa e 'Imi mēkene i ka mea waiwai. Eia naʻe, he nui lehulehu o ka chlorine i ka mea kanu hiki i ka lawe 'ana i ka deleterious keiki (ka meheu o ia i ka kāʻamaʻai kaʻina hana, pau ana ka hana ana a me ka ulu ana).

Eia naʻe, eia nā 'elele o ka flora a pau i hiki ia "e hoa", a ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kiʻi a me ka'ikamu. Ano nonmetal (chlorine) he ia wahi me ka hiki ana o ka waiwai, e oxidize soils. Ma ka evolution o na mea kanu i haiia ae maluna, i kapaia o halophytes, paakai wahi lepo wai noho i ka kaawale, a ua kaawale ko no o ka overabundance o keia hehee ai. Ka mea, omoʻia chlorine Ion, a laila, noho hoopakele ia no ia ma ka mea o ka lau haule.

Amo a me ka pūnaewele o ka chlorine

Aia i kekahi mau aoao, e neʻe mai a me ka hale kūʻai chlorine. Ka makamake nui hehee ai pono kūikawā kiʻekiʻe-puʻe nā paukūʻolokaʻa. Ia mau ipu i 'ike kaʻaʻai - he vertical uliuli laina. Malama poʻina nalu pono e ho'ōla loa ua holoiʻia. Hooloihi ae i waho pūnaewele o ka chlorine loko precipitate ua hana i mea nui pahū - naikokene trichloride. Ole e malama a pau palekana rula hiki noho'na makaainana i ulu mea hō'ā kaʻa a me ka Naita.

Study o chlorine

Wā e hiki mai chemists chlorine pono e ikeia ano. Ma lalo o ka manao, 9-haumāna papa ke hiki i keʻena hoʻokolohua ho okolohua me keia waiwai ma luna o ka muli o kumu o ka ike ma ka kumuhana. O ka holo ana, ke kumu ua koiia e hoʻomaka palekana aʻo.

Ke kaʻina hana hana like penei: oe e lawe i ke alabata, a me ka ninini i ka chlorine i loko o ia swarf. I holo, na? Inoaia e Flash huali malamalama hunaahi, a ma ka mea ia manawa ka mea, he mama i keʻokeʻo uwahi SbCl _3. I ka bapetizo ana ma ka ipu o ka chlorine piuta pepa kini ia mea i pakiko-igniting, akā, ma ka lalo o ka alabata, mālie lalo i ke ahi snowflakes. I loko o keia naoh i smoky wai - SnCl _4. I ka waiho iho i ka waiho 'ia' hao i loko o ka moku i hanaʻia ulaula "kulu" a e hōʻike ulaula uwahi FeCl _3.

A me ka mea hiki hana ua hai kumumanaʻo. Ma kekahi, e like me ka ninau i chlorine ano o ke kulana i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana (i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka outset).

E like me ka hopena o ia mea, eia kahi mea akaka i hehee ai reacts i ke aloha i huiʻia. Inā 'oe i loko o ke kiaha me ka chlorine pulupulu huluʻona nō ma ka hua pisetakia mua, ia koke ignited, a me ka alabata, ia ohana holoholona i ka pouli. Ka pono smoldering ahi paʻakai yellowish, a ma luna o nā paia o ka mea aniani paakai nā pōaka hōʻike. Nä haumäna e e hoihoi i ka aʻo ana, oiai nae he keiki chemist, NN Semenov (hope Nobel laureate), ua like me ka ho'āʻoʻana, ohi mai na paia o ka alabata, a me ka paakai, kapipi i kona berena, a ai iho la ia. Kemika ua pono, a i ole e ke nä känaka 'epekema. E like me ka hopena o ka Nine Inch hana maoli huli maʻamau papaʻaina paakai!