Elementary pa alima o ka evolution - He aha ka mea? Hoʻoholo 'ana i ka mea haʻahaʻa pa alima o ka evolution

Hoikehonua, ke kanaka, me ka mau, mea maʻa a me ka manaʻo o ka evolution me ke kaʻina hana o ana? Acaeoey o ke ola ma ka Honua. Ua Ua nui na mea i manaoio ia evolution - he kaʻina adaptability a me ka variability o nāʻano a ola meaola no kā lākou kākoʻo mau ka'āina. Aia i ka hoopaapaa e pili ana i na theories o ke kumu o ke ola ma ka Honua, e pili ana i kahi mea a pau, hoomaka ae la. Akā, ke manaʻo nei, he pono ole, ua pau aoia ia i loko o ke kula. Ma keia hihia, ka mea ke kumu o ka mokuna o ka evolution - he kanaka, he hui ana o meaola,? Ueony, - ua ike a me ka ike ole a pau.

ulu kumumanaʻo

Ma ka hua'ōlelo "evolution" mākou koke manaʻo o (1809-1882) Charles Darwin. Akā, lōʻihi ma mua o ka manaʻo o ka holo ana o ke ola, a na kekahi mea e like me ka haʻahaʻa pa alima o ka evolution,ʻikeʻia i loko o philosophical manaʻo. Akā, ka mea, ua Charles Darwin no pōkole i ka 'epekema kaiāulu ... ole, i ka manaʻo o ka evolution a me nāʻano mea e' ai pono i ka nui a me kekahi manawa lula 'loli ma ka meaola i hope me ke kahua o ka hou? Ueo. Laha 'like me ka liluwelo kaiāulu o nā meaola, i' ano like ma luna o ka mea a pau luna 'kāna moʻolelo ka hiki mai o ka' elele i holo i ka muli o reproductive keiki kakou nana. Penei, i ke kumuhana hana o keia 'atikala - ka wehewehena o ka mea uuku pa alima, a hiki ia i ka lōʻihi, a qualitative loli, kūpono ma keʻano o ka mea hou a okoa mai ka makua pepa.

mua Darwin

Ka wahi o ka Hawaii ma ke kūpono 'ana o ke aloha ao nei, i ola ma mua o ka Hekikai o ka pähola' ana o ke kumu o ka laha ' o Darwin, i kapaʻia ka mālama'-Darwinian. Me ka hele ana i loko o ka'āhiu o ka pähola 'ana o evolution, ka maʻamau kumumanaʻo ua theological (nā mea a pau, mai ke Akua mai) a me ka theological-naturalistic (meaola hooikaika i ka hoʻoikaika' ana, hou mai ke Akua mai). Mau theories nō i ke kumu o ka mokuna o ka evolution ua manaoia he kanaka specimen. No ka laʻana, Zhan Batist Lamark (1744-1829) wehewehe hanana loa'ā'ī giraffes ka mea, e makemake ai, e hiki aku, a me ka hoaka o na lala o ka EYI wehena mamo.

Darwin kipi

Ka makaʻu o Charles Darwin mea i loko o kona hana "ke kumu o ka laha '" a pau i ka mea hiki oleʻano o ke ola' ano apau loa ma ka Honua, ua wehewehe i ka hopena o ka paio no ka ola ana, ma kona ano maoli wae. A hopena o kēia kaʻina hana i ka lanakila o ka ikaika loa, a me ka fittest. Darwin 'aloʻahia i ke kumu o ka mokuna o ka evolution mea he hui ana o na kanaka, aʻaʻole e hookahi wale kanaka. Natural koho ia laila, e hana like ma lalo o kona laulā haule like hookahi kanaka a me kā lākou maoli hui. Ia hui, e like me Darwin, symptoms ke hoomau anei i keia la hoʻokali kūpono ', akā, ua liloʻano nui a hiki i ka adaptability o meaola i ka mau hoʻololi kumu o ke ola i ka la apopo. Darwin mea he pūʻulu o laha 'like me ka walaʻauʻana pa alima o ka evolution.

Darwinism hua hoʻohui aaiaoe?

I hiki ole ke wehewehe Charlz Darvin i loko o kona "ka molekumu o ..." Ua pehea e hoolilo huikau ka loli, a paa i loko o ka MOKUNA XXXIII. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, kūikawā hiʻona e e eroded i loko o ka papa o ka mea i hahai ana ka mea mamuli o kekahi hanauna. A i keia manawa he mea he 'epekema no aaiaoe? A me kona kānāwai o ka'āina hoʻoili a me ka recessive a me ka Hoʻohaku alleles, loaa i loko o ka pae o ka meaola. Ekolu Kanawai o generality o ka mua o ka hanauna hybrids o Mendel, ka papalua helix o aaiaoe 'ike o DNA Watson a me Crick, hakakino kālaimeaola a me ka'ōewe' ole, no ka hooulu ana o ka embryology a me ka cytology, ethology, paleontology, biochemistry, a me ka kālaikaiaola -, A o ka malamalama ua hanau ka kemikala kumumanaʻo o ka evolution, Hoʻohaku i kēia lā i ka kālaiʻike 'ia.

Symbiosis Darwinism a me kēia

Kemikala pähola 'o ka evolution i hana i loko o ka hapalua like-iwakalua kenekulia. E hoolilo i ka makana o nā mea a pau evolutionary biologists i kona ho okumu mea,ʻaʻole lawa ka ekoluʻaoʻao. Note biologists S. S. Chetverikova (1880-1959), FG Dobrozhanskogo (1900-1975) a me I. I. Shmalgauzena (1884-1963). I ka papa kuhikuhiE postulate o ke kumumanaʻo - ke kumu o ka mokuna o ka evolution o ka heluna kanaka e like me he pūʻulu kaawale o kekahi laha 'e noho ana i loko o ka ia wahi, a ma kekahi alanui kaʻawale mai nā populations o na? Ueo. I hoʻokaʻawale o populations (? Aneeo, Leeuwerikplein, nā'ōlelo) hele aku ai i ke kahua o ka hou? Ueo. E wehewehe i ka maomeka o speciation hiki aku ai kemikala pähola 'o ka evolution ma kekahi mau olelo, i ke kumu o ka heluna kanaka ua noʻonoʻo pono i ke kumu o ka mokuna o ka evolution wehewehe.

Ke kumu nui i hoakaka ia no ka kemikala kumumanaʻo o ka evolution

Nāʻikepili a hooku iho la ia, aole o laua kuleana i ka piha a me ka piha 'ike ma luna o nā mea i ho'ākāka' o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia kumumanaʻo, a postulates noʻonoʻo i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ia heluna kanaka - na kumu o ka mokuna o ka evolution.

Russian biologist a me ka geneticist N. V. Timofeev-Resovsky (1900-1981) ua kālaiʻia i nā mea i ho'ākāka 'walaʻauʻana o ke Ste haʻahaʻa naehana,ʻike manaʻo a me nā kumumea o liluwelo evolution.

• Elementary pa alima o ka evolution - he heluna.
• Ke kŰia o ka evolution ma ka hana - ia EUIAaIN ka'ōewe wai (o ka hoʻomaopopo 'ia paha o nā'ōewe o nā kanaka) heluna.
• Ke'ōewe punawai o ka heluna - ka hereditary nā o evolution.
• Evolution kumumea - mutational keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'īpale heluna ale (helu o oscillations) a me ka wae.

no ke aha la heluna kanaka

Wale heluna like me ka pae ana o na kanaka o kekahi? Ueo mea he hookahiʻahahui i hiki ke ola loa i ka pono ma ka manawa a me ka lewa. A wale nō i loko o kēia likelihood kaiaulu o interbreeding kanaka i mau luna ma mua o ka pahiki o ka holo kanaka mai kekahi populations. Wale i ka heluna kānaka ua kō nā koi o ka evolutionary kaʻina, a no ia mea o ka mea haʻahaʻa pa alima o ka evolution. Wale i loko o kēia pae me he okoa kau o genotypes i loko o kanaka i koho 'ia no phenotypic kāna moʻolelo. Wale nō i loko o ia ka paʻa'ōnaehana i e phenotypically mālama 'holomua no ka haawiia mai ana o ke ola ana o na hoailona ma ka genotype o ka pae holoʻokoʻa, i loko o ka waiʻauʻau'ōewe o ka heluna kanaka. A lakou i loaa i loko o ka waiʻauʻau'ōewe, hoʻololi i na genotypes kanaka o na kanaka, e alakai i ka phenotypic (mawaho) oko ao.

No ke aha la i nānaina - ke kumu o ka mokuna o ka evolution?

hiki Views e noʻonoʻo i ka piha paʻa nenoaiu, aia no he lōʻihi manawa. Akā, kela mea keia mea? Ueony, e noho i kekahi wahi, ua haawi unevenly ma ka ?? eoi?. A me kela hapa o ka mea - i kēia mea he heluna kanaka i hiki theoretically haawi ala i ka kaʻina hana o ka speciation. A ua hiki ole haawi aku. Kekahi? Ueony, e like me endemic, nui kūlana 'heʻano kaupalena ?? eoi? A poe i ka heluna (Artic Polar bea, a Baikal sila). A ma laila nō? Ueo e like me na magpie poe haneri o populations i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o ke ao nei.

No ke aha lā i hoʻokaʻawale kanaka kula haʻahaʻaa pa alima o ka evolution?

Ke evolutionary kaʻina komo ai i ke ana a me ka muli o hou hiʻona a me ka waiwai o ka meaola, kūpono ma kona oi hola. A laila, i ke kaula o ka hanauna ua pono ai - ka evolutionary mōʻaukala a me ka evolutionary naue like. A kino 'Aʻole e nei no kekahi lōʻihi o ka manawa i ka luna o ka wa e ola ana, e hoʻomohala a consolidate i ka hoailona. No laila, i ka ohana bipi a me ka hipa hiki ole ia i ke kumu o ka mokuna - ka pūʻulu mea kaʻawaleʻana, a he mea ole lawa, e like me ka rula,ʻaʻole lōʻihi loa manawa i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka helu o nā hanauna a pau. It E e kaulana i keia māmala'ōlelo mea,ʻaʻole loa e pono no prokaryotes (ole-nukelea) like wale me ka uku kiʻekiʻe o nā'ōlelo.