He aha ka RNA polymerase? He aha mea i ka hana o ka RNA polymerase?

Ua noa i nā haʻawina o ka hakakino kālaimeaola, biochemistry, aaiaoe 'enekinia, a me ka helu o nā nā ike, ma neia hope aku, e ninau mai i ka ninau: ka mea no ka hana o ka RNA polymerase? He He 'ano luna' kumuhana i mea no loa unexplored, akā, aka hoi, ka mea, uaʻikeʻia ia mea e e'ā me kekahi hapa o ka 'atikala.

kekahi mau 'ike

He mea pono i ka hoomanao i ka mea, RNA polymerase o eukaryotes a me prokaryotes. Ka mua ua hou puunaueia i ekolu hoailona ia mea, kela mea keia mea o ka i mea kuleana no ka EKOLU o nā'ōewe kaʻawale pae. Mau nā'ūhū i heluʻia no ka naau kupono, e like me ka mea mua, ka lua a me ke kolu o RNA polymerase. Prokaryotes, me ka 'ole o ka a ole-nukelea, ka wā i kāna mete ia hana e like me ka Nohie kiʻikuhi. No laila, no ka mōakaaka, e paʻa i ka 'ike e like me ka hiki, e e hana eukaryotes. RNA polymerases i structurally like. Ua Ua manaoio i ka mea, aia no iloko olaila ole e emi malalo o 10 polypeptide mau kaula. Pela RNA polymerase synthesizes 1 (i kāna mete ia) nā'ōewe i mea a laila unuhi i loko o nā nā polokina likeʻole. Ka lua o ka hoʻoili transcribing nā'ōewe, i ka mea, a laila unuhi i loko o nā polokina. RNA polymerase 3 hōʻike likeʻole i ka pilina paʻa haʻahaʻa hakakino ke kaupaonaʻana nā'ūhū i mea moderately ikepili koʻikoʻi i Alpha amatinu. Akā, ua i i hoʻoholo ma luna o nā mea e like mea RNA polymerase! No laila, kapaʻia nā'ūhū mea i hana i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ribonucleicʻakika nā lātoma. Ma ka puali ololi ano maopopo ma keia DNA-e kaukaʻi RNA polymerase, a hana ma ka kumu o ka'ōpū mai o deoxyribonucleicʻakika. Nā'ūhū mea nui no ka lōʻihi a me ka holomua functioning o ola meaola. RNA polymerase hiki ke loaʻa i loko o nā mea a pau keena, a he nui nā mea hoʻomaʻi.

Ka mahele ma luna o ka i Kekahi Mau '

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka subunit haku mele 'ana o ka RNA polymerases e māheleʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu:

1. Ka mua epa me transcribing he uuku ka helu o nā'ōewe i loko o nā genomes o ka poe noonoo ole. No ka mea hana ma keia hihia, aole ia i koi luna 'hoʻokonukonu hopena. Nolaila,ʻaneʻi pili i nā mea a pau nā'ūhū i komo o ka hoʻokahi wale nō subunit. E like me ke kumu hoohalike hiki induce ka bacteriophage RNA polymerase a me mitochondria.
2. Kēia pūʻulu nā mea a pau eukaryotic RNA polymerase a me koʻohune, i mea pilikia hoonohonoho. Ka mea, e pohihihi mnogosubedinichnye kumuʻiʻo eiiieaenu e hiki kāna mete ia tausani o okoa nā'ōewe. Ma ana, i kēia mau nā'ōewe pane i ka helu nui o hoʻokonukonu no lepa i loaa mai kumuʻiʻo kumumea a me nucleotides i.

Oia mall a ooieoeiiaeuiiai māhele meaʻano conditional, a me ka simplification o ka maoli kulana.

He aha ke ano o ka RNA polymerase I?

Ka mea, ua paa hana o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ia' ana o iniiaiie transcripts o rRNA nā'ōewe,ʻo ia hoʻi, ka mea,ʻo ka mea nui. Ka hope i oiʻikeʻia ma lalo o ka inoa o 45S-RNA. Lākou lōʻihi mea e pili ana i 13 000 nucleotides. Mai ka mea i hanaʻia, ke 28S-RNA, 18S-5.8S RNA-RNA. Aie i ka mea e e hana ka mea wale nō kekahi transkriptor, i ke kino e launa mai i kekahi "kumu" i na nā lātoma e e hanaʻia i loko o like dala. I ka Ia manawa ka hanaiia'na mai o RNA pono hele wale 7000 nucleotides. Ke koena o ka transcript ua kūlana ma ka nucleus. Ma ia koena he nui ua manaoio ia ia mea e pono ai na kuʻina kakahiaka nui o ka ho okumu ana o ribosomes. Ka helu o kēia mau polymerases ma keena o ka kiekie mea hoʻolahalahai ma a puni ka hoailona o ka 40 tausani huahelu.

Pehea ka mea, ua hoʻonohonoho 'ia?

Pela, ua i ka mua RNA polymerase (prokaryotes-nā hale a nā lātoma) ua noʻonoʻo pono. Ma keia hihia, no ka nui subunit, like, no, a he nui ka helu o nā kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha polypeptides, he mea maopopo distinguishable iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai a me ka mall inoa kikowaena. Ma cloning o nā'ōewe, a, e hooholo i ko lakou iniiaiie 'ole i ua hōʻike' ia e kānakaʻepekema evolutionarily conserved apana o nā kaula hao. E ho ohana i ka 'aoʻao o ka pono, i lawelawe' ia ka noiʻi i mutational Ka Ikepili e leie aku mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka ooieoeiiaeuiiai manaʻo nui o kanaka inoa kikowaena. No keia mea, hoʻohana 'paena-kuhikuhi mutagenesis e hoʻololi i ke kanaka polypeptide kaulahao, a me ka Hoʻololi''aminoʻakika subunits i hoʻohana ma kaʻaha kanaka o nā'ūhū me ka mahope Ka Ikepili o ka waiwai, a i loaa i loko o ka hale a ikepili. Ua Ua kaulana ia no i kona hui ana o ka mea mua RNA polymerase ma ke alo o ka Alpha-amatina (he lahuiʻawahia waiwai, a ua loaa mai i ka haikea toadstool) 'aʻole i pane koke.

functioning

Ua ka mua a me ka lua o ka RNA polymerase e nei i loko o nā 'ano apau loa. Kekahi o ia ke hana i hoʻomaka i ka hana i ho'ākāka 'EKOLU. Ka lua - ka DNA-e kaukaʻi RNA polymerase. Ua heluia, ua hoikea mai oia, i ka nui hana o ka ha awina. Ke kumuhana Ke aʻo aku, akā, Ano, ke ike i ka mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o nā EKOLU kumumea, a e haawi ia ia e like me SL1 a me UBF. Oi loa aku hoi i ka la mahope - i ka mea hiki ke kamaʻilio 'ana me ka ka mea hoʻopaipai, oiai ka SL1 UBF pono ke alo. ʻOiai ka mea, ua experimentally hookupaa ia DNA-e kaukaʻi RNA polymerase ke komo i loko o ka Ekolu a ma ka palena iki, a me ke alo o ka hope. Akā, no ka mea maʻamau functioning o kēiaʻano papa hana UBF ua nō pono. No ke aha la pela? Me ka nui loa no laila, hiki nele, e hookupaa aku i ka kumu o keia hana. Kekahi o ka loa hanohano wehewehe paipai i UBF e Uwao me ka ano o stimulant rDNA Ekolu a i kona wa i ulu a me ka hoʻomōhala ai. I ka wa e kau mai ana pae i, laila, mālama i ka palena iki koi 'ia kiʻekiʻe o ka functioning. A hapa o ka EKOLU kumumea mea i noho pilikia no ia. Eia no laila, e hana RNA polymerase. I ka hana o keia'ūhū e leie aku kākoʻo i ka hōʻike hou ana o ka poe liilii, "hale ālai '" o ke kino, ma muli o ia i ka mea, ua mau ka moʻolelo no ka makahiki.

I ka lua o ka pūʻulu o nā'ūhū

Lākou functioning ua hooponopono ia e ke anaina kanaka o multiprotein luna 'preinitsiatornogo promoters o ka lua o ka papa. Loa pinepine keia ua hoikeia i loko o ka hana o ka kūikawā nā polokina - activators. E like me ke kumu hoohalike o ke TBP. Ua Ua pili kumumea i nā wahi o TFIID. Ka mea, - he pale no ka p53, NF kappa B, a no laila, ma luna o. Kona aoao ma ke kaʻina hana o ka rula, a hoomakaukau i nā polokina kapa coactivators. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike nō ka Gcn5. No ke aha la kakou e pono ai kēia mau nā polokina? Ka mea, e malama nei me adapters i hoʻopilikino ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o activators a me nā kumumea i loko o preinitsiatorny eiiieaena. E hooponopono EKOLU ana, e pono i ka mea e pono ai initiator kumumea. I loko nō o ka mea i eono o lakou, pono pāʻani aku me ka ka mea hoʻopaipai i e ka mea wale nō kekahi. No nā hihia pono preformed luna 'o ka lua o RNA polymerase. A, i mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i pili proximal oihana mua - wale 50-200 hui mai i ka paena kahi Ekolu a ua hoʻomaka 'ana. Ka mea, iloko ona he PAaIEN o ka paa ana o activator nā polokina.

kekahi hiʻona

I ka subunit 'ole o nā nā'ūhū o kekahi kumu ma luna o lākou iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai kūlana ma ka Ekolu a? Ke mau pane i keia ninau mea ole, aka, i manaoio i ka mea hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha maikaʻi. Pehea la ka mea e loli ai RNA polymerase? 'ūhū oihana alodio 'ole - he kaupalena huahelu o ka EKOLU o nā'ōewe (a he uuku hapa). Ano he kumu hoʻohālike nō ka hoʻololi kemikala o RNA primers Okazaki koena ai. ʻO ka mea hoʻopaipai specificity o ka RNA polymerases o koʻohune a me phages mea i nā'ūhū i nā mea hōʻoia o ka poe noonoo ole 'ole a me ka mea like. Ua hiki ke ike ia ma ka kaʻina hana o ka DNA replication ma koʻohune. ʻOiai ua hiki ke noʻonoʻo i kēia. Luna '' ole ka wā? Anoee genome T a hiki phage, i? Acaeoey, ka mea i kaulana i ka puana ka hoʻololiʻana ma waena o kekahi mau'ōewe Ekolu a pūʻulu, ka mea i loaʻa i ka luna 'hoʻohana no keia RNA polymerase kaua. Ia mea, he mea'ūhū i loko o ia mau hihia ua ole e poloʻai pule. Kēia hoʻohuʻu He helu o ka hopena:

1. e hiki ke hoʻomaopopo iho i kekahi mau promoters RNA polymerase o eukaryotes a me koʻohune pono.
2. He mea pono i ka'ūhū loaʻa he mau 'pane i kekahi mau nā polokina-regulators.
3. RNA polymerase pono no hoi e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ma nā wahi o ke specificity o ka uAAIIeI OAEeOeAa DNA nucleotide kaʻina. E hana i kēia, hana i kekahiʻano o ke kumuʻiʻo effectors.

Ka mea, penei ka kino o ka pono no nā "hale" hehee wale. Nā polokina kōkua i kāna mete ia i ka luna 'o ka RNA polymerase e maopopo lawe mai kona hana. Keia pili, no ka loa, na nā'ūhū luna '' ole, ma a na nā papaha o ka hoʻokō 'ia ka nui polokalamu o aaiaoe' ike. Ma muli o ia mau pilikia, ua hiki ke malama i kekahi ano o ka luna kiʻekiʻe 'ole o ka RNA polymerase.

Pehea i ke kaʻina hana o ka Ekolu a?

Ua loaʻa he'ōewe kuleana no liaison me ka RNA polymerase? I ka hoʻomaka o ka EKOLU: ke kaʻina hana ma eukaryotes e wahi i loko o ka nucleus. Ma prokaryotes, e kahe ana i loko o ka microorganism. Ka pilina ma waena o ka polymerase mea he walaʻauʻana mall rula o ka mea manuahi penei kekahi kanaka nā lātoma. Ma ka helu o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ke olelo aku i ka DNA mea wale he EOIeIOUIeXAOOON, a 'aʻole e hoʻololi i EKOLU. No ka DNA mea he holistic'ūhū, i ka mea o kekahi, i ka maikai'ōewe mea kuleana no kēia pīlali hiki ia, akā, ka mea, e ia he lōʻihi loa manawa. Mākou e ole hoʻopoina i ka DNA he 3.1 ieeeea? Nucleotide residues. No laila, nui kūpono i ka olelo ana no kēlā me kēiaʻano o RNA me kona DNA. No ka mea kahe o ka polymerase naoh pono i ka ikehu a me ka ribonukle-ozidtrifosfato substrates. Inā kekahi i hana 3 ', 5'-phosphodiester mea paʻa ma waena o ribonukleozidmonofosfatami. Lātoma RNA hoʻololi kemikala hoʻomaka ma kekahi DNA kaʻina (promoters). Ke kaʻina terminates i hoopau wale ioauoa (hoopau). Ka paena, i komoʻaneʻi ua kapaia transcriptional. Ma eukaryotes, he mea IeAUPIIe, IAa IO wale kekahi'ōewe, oiai prokaryotes hiki no lakou mau apana o ke kuhi. Kēlā me kēia transcriptional he uninformative wahi. Ka mea, i kekahi nucleotide kaʻina e pāʻani aku me ka transcriptional hoʻokonukonu aʻe kau aʻela ma luna aupuni '.

Mea koʻohune RNA polymerase

Mau microorganisms kekahi'ūhū mea kuleana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o mRNA, rRNA a me tRNA. Ka awelika polymerase lātoma i ka'ōlelo koʻikoʻi akula 5 subunits. Elua o kēia mau mea malama i ka pū'āʻana hoa'ūhū. Kekahi subunit komo i loko o ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻololi kemikala. Aia ka hoi kekahi ke keʻena o ka'ūhū nonspecific no ke kamaʻilio me ka DNA. A me ka mea hope subunit i ua e lawe mai ana i ka RNA polymerase i loko o ka hana pū nō ia palapala. Ua Uaʻike,ʻaʻole i ka'ūhū nā lātoma mea i loko o ka "noa" navigating i loko o ka cytoplasm o koʻohune. I ka RNA polymerases i hoʻohana ', a laila ka mea, nakinaki' ole-kekahi DNA wahi, a e kali ana a ua wehe i kaʻeleu ka mea hoʻopaipai. A iki distracted mai ke kumuhana, ka mea e e olelo mai ia koʻohune ka loa kupono e noiʻi i nā polokina a me kā lākou mau keiki ma luna o ka ribonucleicʻakika polymerase. No pono no ia i ka hoʻokolohua ma stimulation paha inhibition o na kanaka hehee wale. Ma muli o ia kā lākou kiʻekiʻe nā'ōlelo kōmi hiki e kŘpa koke kiʻi i ka makemake hopena. Auwe, ke kanaka study hiki ole ke lawelawe 'ia ma ia he kokololio iki mai i ke aloha i ko kakou mall' ano.

RNA polymerase "loaa" i loko o nā 'ano apau loa?

E hele mai ana i ke Logical ka hopena o ka 'atikala. Ua uku ia i na eukaryotes ke kumu noonoo. Akā, he mea nō archaea a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi. Pela no oe i makemake e uku i kekahi wahi o ka noonoo ana a me kēia mau ano o ke ola. Ka nui ha awina o Archean he mea wale kekahi pae o ka RNA polymerases. Akā, e ka mea i like loa i loko o kona waiwai a me na ahahui eukaryotes ekolu. He nui nā kānakaʻepekema i ua? Aaei ia mea mākou ke ike mai i ka hoaka maoli he evolutionary kupuna o ka hana kūikawā polymerases. Ua mea i hana hoihoi, a me ka 'ole o nā mea hoʻomaʻi. E like me ka mua palapala, i nā mea a pau o kēia mau meaola i kā lākou mau polymerase. A ma ia mea, ia mea he hookahi subunit. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka mea hoʻomaʻi nā'ūhū loko mai DNA polymerases, kahi o ka luna 'RNA hale. ʻOiai ua aie i ke 'ano o kēia pae o microorganisms kekahi manaʻo me ka haawi liluweloʻano papa hana.

ka hopena

Auwe, manaʻo kanaka 'aʻole i keia manawa i vsoy pono ike koi' ia no ka naauao o ka genome. A i wale ia hiki i hana! Aneane pau na maʻi i holo nōhie pono he aaiaoe kumu - keia pili hoi i na nā mea hoʻomaʻi i mau e hāʻawi mai iā mākou pilikia i nā mea palahēhē, a no laila, ma luna o. Ka loa eiiieaena a me ka maʻi maʻi - ka mea, eia kekahi, ma ka mea, ai 'ole kahiko o ka'āina hilinaʻi ma o ka kanaka genome. A hiki mākou i aʻo ai i ike i ka lakou iho, a e pili i kēiaʻike i ka pono o ka helu nui o ka pilikia a me ka maʻi e hoʻi hooki oe i nei. Ano, he mea ana o ka hala, he nui mua weliweli maʻi e like me puʻupuʻu, mai ino. Hoomakaukau e hele mumps, whooping cough. Akā, mai hoʻonānea, no ka mea, eʻalo mākou me ka i nui ka helu ana o kekahi mau hana nui loa ia e oe pono ka pane e loaʻa. A ka mea e e ike, no ka mea, Ka hele ana e hana pela.