Ke Aupuni Lepupalika o Venice. Ke Aupuni Lepupalika o St. Mark ka: mōʻaukala

Ka Venetian Lepupalika i hana ma ka pau ana o ka hiku o ka kenekulia maʻEulopa. Ke poʻo i ke kulanakauhale o Venice. Ma ka akau-hikina panalāʻau e noho ana i kēia Ikalia Repubalika i ole pani, ho okumu i ka panalaau ia i loko o nā ipu o ka Marmara, Aegean, a Black Sea, a me ka Adriatic. Ua ola a hiki i 1797.

Republican kaulike

Ma ka Palace o Doges ma pyantsette noho mau Kuhina a me ka Aha o ka Doges, ua he 'aha hoʻokolokolo. Secretariat, o ka halepaahao. I ke Aupuni Lepupalika o Venice i na lawehala ma ka lehulehu, pinepine me ka wehewehe - no ke kanaka i mea i hana i ka mea kumakaia i ka like panee.

Hana - ana ma ke kihi - hana undercover Kukakuka Malu o ka umi. Hope manawa ka townspeople i ke kino ma waena o na kolamu ma pyantsette ole i ka manawa ma mua - i ka 1752, a hiki i kēia lā, he mea he hōʻailona: ma waena o nā kolamu hele -ʻaʻole no ka maikaʻi.

Naʻe, na kino i pomereschitsya wahi: i ka Doge ka Palace, ma luna o kona Arcade, ma na kolamu i ulaula, a kaawe ae a me ka hapahā kona nui i koe o ke kipi Marino Faliero, a hiki i ka Hale Pule Nui, ma ke kihi o kona hoʻokaʻawale auaneʻi au poo i koa wiwoʻole. A'āpana o ka porphyry, i mālama ai i ka kākoʻo no ia, mea nō ma laila. Nolaila, hoi, hai mai kānāwai i koi 'ia e like me ka Repubalika o Venice. Ka moʻolelo o kona lōʻihi, a controversial.

hanana moku'āina

A mau ae la ia, mai ka lima a hiki i ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia, kokoke, i ke aupuni i koho aupuni, a, i kekahi i olelo mai, aupuni a ka lehulehu. Back i loko o 466, o ka heluna o ka Venice ihu hui pu iho la keia timeless manaʻo. Heʻumikumamālua nā 'elele i koho' ana i ka Papa o ka poe umikumamalua loa nui no mau manawa mokupuni i e mai Venice: Bebb, Grado, Heraclea, Caorle, Torcello, Jesolo, ka Rialto, Murano, me ke dute, Malamocco, Big a me Small Chioggia.

Vynuzhdlena Venetian Repubalika i kaua paakiki a kūpono: Odoacer, ka Ostrogoths, ka hikina mai Roman aupuni a pau, i ka hai hou incursions o ka Lombards ... Ua hoikeia mai ka pono noho alii kiekie. First koho doge i kona ola, akā, me ka olua i kona wahi i loko o ka'āina hoʻoili i loko o ka 697 makahiki. Ka mea, ua Paolo Lucio Anafesto - ke poo o ka Venetian Repubalika. ʻOiai ka mea mua loa rigorously hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi koho balota ana iloko wale i loko o 727, i ka wa a ka doge lilo Orseolo.

E kaha makau i a me ka mea kaupaona

Venice pili aupuni'ōnaehana ua like luna 'hooponopono nenoaiu. Mua o nā mea a pau, ka mea, ua pono i ka hōʻoia i i ole e hiki mai usurpation o ka mana.

• Grand Council: ka lokomaikai kiekie kino e elects ke kumu o kōkua, i nā luna, a me ka Doges. Wale nô ua kaupalena 'i ka'āina hoʻoili ma lalo o ke komo i loko o ka "Golden Book". Ka helu ma kekahi mau manawa mai ka 400 a hiki i ka tausani kanaka.
• Doge: koho ia mai waena o nā procurators o San Marco - oihana no ke ola. Poe he umikumamakahi ua koho kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. E kuokoa hoʻoholo hiki i ka mana i kaupalena '. Hikiʻole ke hele, a iho waiwai'āina'ē.
• Small kōkua:ʻeono kuhikuhipuʻuone a hiki i ka doge a me na lala ekolu o ka Papa o ke kanaha.
• Senate: hoʻokahi haneri a me ka iwakalua mau lala koho no kekahi makahiki a me ke kuleana e e hou-koho. More haneri a me kanaha mau lala me ke koho pono. Ke poo o ke Senate - Collegium o ka umikumamaono. Council e kūkākūkā, a hoʻoponopono i nā mea a pau i ka wahi lulu, a kuwaho.
• Council kanahā: o ka Aha Hookolokolo Kiekie o ka Repubalika. Ua hoike no ka oi'ōlelo aʻo.
• Manaʻo kōkua heʻumi:ʻaneʻane hookolokoloia. Special hoʻomakākiu o ka Doge. Members i koho ia no ka makahiki o ka nui'ōlelo aʻo. Solomona ua pāpā. Loa Anonymous 'ole.
• Other aupuni hui: 'oihana kauä kuapaʻa, haipule launa hoahanau.

Koho a ua lilo koho ia e hiki i kekahi Venetian, akā, e like me ka manawa a me na wahi a pau, me ka Doge lilo i 'elele o kekahi o ka richestʻohana. Oia i koho i ole wale no ka Repubalika o Venice. Mōʻaukala 'oe a ia mau.

Ka āpana o ka mana

Formally, i ke kulanakauhale o Venice i heluʻia no ka Byzantine aupuni a pau, no ka mea, he pōkole manawa Karl Veliky hou ia i kā lākou iho, akā, ma ka mea loaʻa ua mau Ua he wrestler. Ke kūlana o ka palekana a me ka pono. Repubalika o Venice mea ole wale he loa holomua kālepa, akā, i kaua lanakila ai, o ka oi aku ma ka moana. E like me ka hopena, i ka palena kahakai o ka Adriatic Sea a me ka hapanui o ka Lower Italy lilo i ka lima o ka Venetian doge.

Crusades poe waiwai kuai ana, a me ke kulanakauhale o Venice hoomaka ae la e hoopomaikaiia, hoʻonui ole i loko o ka Middle a me Near East. Nā kānaka hoʻokūkū i loko o ka maka o Pisa, alii City a me Genoa hiki ole paʻi me ka Lepupalika o ka Doges.

kapu o nā mea e pono ai

Aka hoi, i loko o ka moku'āina Democrats seriously aumeume ana me aristocrats. I ka makemake o kekahi, e hoohuli i ka repubalika i loko o ka hereditary mō'ī i ole materialize. I ka 1172 ka mea i kapaia o ka Great Council i koho lunakanawai, ka poe ikaika infringed i ka mana o ka Doges.

Collegial kino hoʻololi i ko lakou inoa a me ka nui: o ka repubalika o St. Mark, pehea pinepine i kapaʻia ai ka Lepupalika o Venice i loko o ka Middle Ages, ka mea i hana i ka 'Aha o kanaha, i ka' Aha o ka elima haneri, a me kēia mau kino i kohoʻia mana pili dozham, ka mea, i hooponopono, a me ka pāʻana i nā hana o ka i ka luna o ka moku'āina. Ka mea, i hana aku ai i ka ia oligarchic Repubalika, ke kāpiliʻana ke koho ana.

Ma kēia kiʻi i ka liona o St. Mark, o ke kahuna euanelio, ka inoa i haawiia i ka Hale Pule Nui, a me ka 'Aha hana o he umi, i mea pono haʻaheo o ka Venetian Repubalika. Kapa ana o na mea kaua i loko o ke alo o oe.

oligarchy

Ka loa hoʻohana polokalamu aupuni, no ka lōʻihi manawa ua he kaua, a me na oligarchs ua he inexhaustible kumu o ka hoʻolako 'ia o. Loan i muli, a pili i ka loa affluent Hoʻohana o ka heluna kanaka. Ka mea, he mea hiki ole ke hoole mai a kāpae'ōlelo i ka hoʻoholo 'ana e mamuli o ka Venetian Repubalika. Ua malamaia History na inoa o na mea he nui o ka poe i ho'āʻo i ke ku imua o, a me kona hope huli mai e e karaima. Aka hoi, i ka nuiʻaha o na kanaka i ke kiʻekiʻe o hoopau a me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe. Kanawai wale hana ai no ka pomaikai o ka aristocracy.

Ma hope iho o ka naʻi aupuni o Constantinople ma ka Crusaders hele i Venice ekolu walu o ka pau ?? eoi? O ka Byzantine aupuni a pau, a me ka mokupuni o Kerete. Ke'ī mai, ma ka hopena o kaʻumikumamālima kenekulia ka mea, ua waiwai, a mai makau oukou o ka poe enemi. Mawaena o ka Venetians, he nui na kanaka o ka 'epekema a me ka akamai, ma mua i loko o kekahi' ē aʻe moku'āina. Kupu a me ka hana, a me ka hana. People hoʻomaka koke ulu waiwai, no ka mea, ia ia i umi wale ia auhau.

loli

ke ala e hiki ai i ke kai a hiki i ka hikina Indies Portugal i ka 1498 e hamama ana, a me ke kulanakauhale o Venice i nalowale a pau o ka hikina kalepa pomaikai. Isperih Ottoman i Constantinople, a lawe aku i ka Venetians i ko lākou waiwai kokoke e na mea a pau, a hiki Albania a me Negroponte, a laila Kupero, a me Candia. Mai ka 1718 o ka Lepupalika o Venice i kokoke i hooki e komo i loko o global kalepa.

Ua ua ma kahi o elua a me ka hapalua miliona kanaka e noho ana ma Venice iho, ma Dalematia, Istria a me ka Ionian Pae Aina. A ma hope o ka PalaniʻOiʻenehana a me ke kuokoa o ke kulanakauhale hope i nalowale. He Hoikehonua hai aku kaua ma luna o ka Lepupalika. No ke kūkā 'a me concessions i i hanaʻi. Venice hookuu mai ai ia i manao i ka 1797. Ka Lepupalika ka ?? eoi? Ua puunaueia ma waena o Austria, Palani a me ke aupuni o Italia.

hualoaʻa

Full ola ola oi ma mua o 1100 makahiki, ua lanakila i ka mokuna o ka thousandfold oi ma mua iho, a i ka loa papakaukauʻoihana moku'auwaʻa i loko o ke Kaiwaenahonua, ma ka inaina a me ka Kauai, a me ka Ottoman aupuni a pau, i ke Aupuni Lepupalika o Venice, e E hoʻomanaʻo i ka mea mua aupuni moku'āina. Ka mea i ka mea, a laila nele e hoʻopale ai i wale lanakila, akā, i kona kapikala - ka ia haʻawina: ke kaua a me kona mau hoalauna, ua iʻoi ma mua o kivila.