Ma hea kahi e hana ai ke kuhi pūmua? Ke kumu o ke ka'ina hana a me ka wahi o ka ho'omana'o pūmua i loko o ke kele

He mea nui loa ka hana o ka biosynthesis protein i ke kamepiula. No ka mea, he lā'au pa'akikī ke'ano o nā proteins i kū i ka'oihana nui i loko o nā'opa,'a'ole hiki ke ho'ololi. No kēia kumu, ua'ike'ia ka pae ho'ohālike o ka pulupili pūmua i loko o ke kamepiula, e ulu ana ma nā'ano'ano like'ole. Mālama kēia i ka ho'oponopono pale a me ka hiki ke ola.

'O ke kumu o ke ka'ina hana o ke'ano o ka pilikino

Ka wahi wale nō ke hoʻololi kemikala o nā polokina - mea o ka hoʻonaninani endoplasmic reticulum. Eia ka hapa nui o nā ribosomes i kuleana no ke kūkulu'ana i ka kaula polypeptide. Eia na'e, ma mua o ka ho'omaka'ana o ka unuhi'ana (ke ka'ina hana ho'omōtini ho'omanula), ho'onā'ana i kahi mo'o e mālama'ia ai ka'ike e pili ana i ka ho'olālā pūnaewele. Ma hope o kēia, pono e kope i kēia māhele o ka DNA (ai'ole RNA, inā'ike'ia ka biosynthesis bacterial).

Ma hope o ka kope'ana i ka DNA, pono ka hana no ka hana'ana i kahi RNA'ike. Ma ke kumu, e ho'opili'ia ke kaulahao kinaliki. A pau na anuu e hana 'ole i nukelea nāʻakika, e lawe wahi i loko o ka halepaahao nucleus. Akā na'e,'a'ole kēia kahi kahi e ulu ai ke kuhi pūmua. Kēia wahi, a ua hoomakaukau ana no ka biosynthesis.

'O ka biosthesis o ke kahawai Ribosomal

Main wahi kahi i ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala - ia ribosome, ke kelepona hele organelle, iloko olaila a mau subunits. Nui nā'ano i kūkulu'ia i loko o ke kelepona, a ua kau'ia lākou ma luna o nā membrane o kahi ulupala'au paleopopole. 'O ke'ano o ka biosynthesis aia kekahi i kēia mau mea:'o ka RNA'ike i ho'ohui'ia i loko o ka pūpū pūnaewele e puka mai ana i loko o nā poho nukili i loko o ka cytoplasm a hui pū me ka ribosome. A laila, ua ho'okomo'ia ka mRNA i loko o ke āpau ma waena o nā pu'upu'u o ka ribosome, a ma hope iho ua ho'opa'a'ia ka amino acino mua.

I kahi kahi i loa'a ai ka ho'omau'ana o ke kinona, ua ho'olako'ia nā amino a me ka RNA e halihali'ia. Hiki i ho'okahi o ia mole ka mea ho'okahi ho'okahi amino acid wale nō. Ho'opili lākou i ke'ano, ma muli o ke ka'ina o codons o ka'ike RNA. Eia kekahi, hiki ke ho'ohālikelike no kekahi manawa.

I ka ne'e'ana o ka mRNA, hiki i ka ribosome ke komo i nā (subrons) i'ole e ho'ololi i nā amino acids. Ma kēia mau wahi, e ne'e wale ana ka ribosome i ka mRNA, akā,'a'ohe amino wai e pili ana i ke kaula. Ke hiki aku ka ribosome i ka exon,'o ia ho'i, ka pūnaewele e ho'ohui i ka waiuma, a laila e hui pū'ia me ka polypeptide.

Ho'oponopono Ho'ohui Ho'ohui Hua'ōlelo

Ma hope o ka pili'ana o ka ribosome i ke codon stop o ka'ike RNA, ua ho'opau'ia ke ka'ina o ka ho'opi'i pololei. Akā,'o ka mole i loa'a he papa hana mua a'a'ole hiki ke ho'okō i nā hana i mālama'ia no ia. No ka hana pono'ana, pono e ho'onohonoho pono'ia ke mole ma kekahi'ano: ke kula ki'eki'e, ke kulanui a i'ole ke'ano nui - Quaternary.

'O ka ho'onohonoho'ia'ana o ka pilina

'O ka papahana'elua ke'ano o ka papahana mua. No ka ho'okō'ana i kēia, pono e ho'opili'ia ke kaulahao polypeptide mua (e hana i he helix alpha) ai'ole ia e hana'ia (e hana i nā papa hana beta). A laila, no ka li'ili'i o ka lō'ihi ma ka lō'ihi, ua pa'a a pa'a ke mole i ka'ili o ke kinowai, nā pa'ahana a me ke kinona, a me nā interaomic interactions. Penei, he globular kumuʻiʻo 'ole.

'O ka ho'olālā'enela'āpana

'O ka papa ku'iku'i ka mea nui loa o nā mea a pau. Aia ia he mau māhele like me kahi hanana honua, i pili me nā filamole fibrillar o ka polypeptide. Ma waho a'e, hiki i ke kula ki'eki'e a me ka quaternary ke komo i loko o ka'ale'ale'a ai'ole ka lipid, e ho'onui i ke'ano o nā pono o ka pono. Ma kekahi, glycoproteins, luna 'i huiʻia o ke kumuʻiʻo, a me ka carbohydrate mau immunoglobulins, a hana i kekahi kuleana pili i aiiay. Aia nō ho'i nā glycoproteins ma nā membrane pūnaewele a hana'ia ma ke'ano he mau lohe. Eia na'e,'a'ole hiki ke ho'ololi'ia ka mole i kahi e hiki ai ke kuhihonua pilikino, akā, i loko o kahi'āpana'ōpili laulā maika'i. Maanei, hiki hiki ke ho'okomo i nā lipid, metala a me nā hamo'ale'a i nā wahi protein.