'O ka hana o ka bacteria i ke'ano. 'O ka ho'olaha'ana o ka bacteria ma ke'ano

Ke kāpuni nei mākou iā mākou ma nā wahi a pau, a noho lākou i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, a nui loa. Ma muli o ko lākou'ano li'ili'i,'a'ole hiki ke'ike'ia me ka maka maka'ole, akā ho'i, hiki iā lākou ke ho'opuka mai i nā pō'ino weliweli a pōmaika'i ho'i. Ma ke'ano laulā, nui ke'ano o ka bacteria ma ke'ano.

'O ke kūlana o nā mea ola

No ka lō'ihi,'a'ohe pūnaewele hui like'ole,'o ka'ike'ana i nā meaola. Eia na'e, ua ho'okumu'o Karl Linnaeus i ke kumu no ka ho'opili hou'ana i nā lā hou, e kuhikuhi ana i nā kumu'ekolu, i kona mana'o, nā hui: nā holoholona, nā mea kanu a me nā minela. Ua'ōlelo pū'o ia i ka hua'ōlelo "aupuni".

I ka wā e hiki mai, e like me ka 'ike loea E hana' ia a me ka loaa hou ike hou Mea Maluna i kaʻawale prokaryotes a me eukaryotes, i ke kumu nui koena unuhi o ka i mai kekahi i kekahi mea i ka wa e kaawale aku, a me ka alo ana o aeee i loko o ka nucleus. I kēia lā,'ewalu mau aupuni i loa'a nā'ano ko'iko'i ko'iko'i: nā'ōpala, archaea, protista, chromites, nā mea kanu, nā haiki, nā holoholona a me nā mea mai. 'O nā mea hope loa, ua'ike mākou a pau e pili ana i ko lākou ola a ua mau'ia i mua o lākou,'oiai'a'ole mākou e'ike. He mea'ano'ē paha ua ho'oka'awale'ia lākou i loko o kahi aupuni'ē a'e.

Pāpa'i

'O kēia mau māmā'oi loa o ka holoholona hihiu no kekahi manawa lō'ihi, "e hūnā" mai nā maka kanaka. Akā na'e, ua'ike'ia nā hopena o kā lākou mau hana i ka manawa kahiko: ka waiu waiū, ka palaha o nā lau i hā'ule, ka momona o ke kō a me nā mea'ē aku. No laila, ua pa'akikī ka pa'akikī i ka nui o ka huakiko ma ke'ano, i ka wā ma mua o ka loa'a'ana o ka mea i loa'a.

'O kēia pū'ulu ola kekahi o nā mea mua loa ma ka honua - aia nō i loko o nā makahiki 3.5 billion, a'o ka hapakolu o ia manawa'o lākou wale nō nā mea ola ma ka Honua. 'Oiai ke'ano o ka ho'omohala'ana i kekahi mau mea iā lākou,'o ka noho'ana o ka ma'i bacteria he mau mea kūpono loa ia, no ka mea,'a'ohe o lākou papa. A'o kēlā mau'elele o kēia aupuni e hiki ke ola i nā kūlana ko'iko'i loa, a ma ke'ano he mea ma'alahi loa ia. I ka manawa ho'okahi,'o lākou ka pū'ulu'oihana nui loa o nā mea a pau e noho nei ma ka Honua.

Ka wehewehe a me ke a'o'ana

No ka lō'ihi,'a'ole i mana'o ka po'e'epekema i ka ola o nā meaola i'ike'ole'ia e lākou. 'O ka'oia'i'o,'o ka mea huli i ka ma'i bacteria i ka makahiki XVII, he kanaka ia i hana i kahi microscope - he kanaka Lamelani,'o Antony van Leeuwenhoek. Ho'onui'ia kāna mau mea kani i 160 manawa, no laila ua'ike ka mea'epekema i nā kinikini o ka wai, ka lepo, ka pōhaku a me nā wahi'ē a'e o nā mea'ē a'e - kapa'ia'o ia he holoholona holoholona. I loko o ka noi'i, ua'ike'o ia he'ano like'ole, a me nā meaola like, a nānā pono'o ia iā lākou. Pēlā i kau'ia ai ke kumu o ka microbiology. 'O ka inoa "bacteria" i hā'awi'ia e Christian Ehrenberg i ka makahiki 1828.

'O ka ho'ohui'ana i kēia mau meaola me nā ma'i like'ole no ka manawa mua ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia XVIII i hō'ike'ia e ke kauka kauā DS Samoilovich. Me ka microscope, ua ho'ā'o'o ia e'imi i ka mea nāna e ho'opi'i i ka ma'i, a'o ia i ke alo o ka ma'i ma Moscou. Me ka'oia'i'o'a'ole i lanakila'o ia, ua hō'oia'o ia i ka ma'i wale nō ke ho'opili pololei'ia'o ia i ka ma'i a me kāna mau mea. I ka manawa like, ua ho'olālā'ia ka mana'o o nā lapa'au'ana ma o ka nāwaliwali'ana a i'ole ka pepehi'ia'ana o nā mea kani. Hope ka mea i hoʻomaopopo i loko oʻEnelani, i ka wa a ke kauka Eduard Dzhenner i kekahi nā mea maʻi e hoʻonele i ka puʻupuʻu ma hope o ka lepo bipi no ka mōʻaukala.

'Oiai no ka hala'ana o nā makahiki he nui, ua pili nui ka microbiology i ka hō'ili'ili a me ke'imi pūnaewele i nā'ike, e hō'ike ana i ke'ano o ka bacteria i ke'ano a me nā'ano hana ola. A laila, ua ho'oka'awale'ia ma waena o lākou a me nā mea'ino e pili ana i nā'ano ko'iko'i o ka hale. Akā,'a'ole i mahalo nui'ia ka pilikino maika'i o ka bacteria i loko o ke ola o ke'ano.

Nā'ike

Ma ka pili'ana i ka pono o ka ho'ololi'ana no ke ola'ana i nā'ano like'ole,'a'ole pono ka huakini i ka hiki ke ho'oulu koke'ia, akā, e'oko'a paha i kekahi mau'ano like'ole, e kūkā'ia ma hope.

'O nā meaola a pau e pili ana i kēia aupuni, he'ano maoli nō. Eia kekahi la'ana, he mau prokaryotes kēlā a pau,'o ia ho'i,'a'ohe o lākou'ano ho'oka'awale like'ole a me kekahi mau pūnaewele pūnaewele. I kēia manawa, i ka nui,'oi aku ka nui ma mua o eukaryotes, a hiki i kahi 0.005 millimeters. 'O ka bacteria nui loa i'ike'ia e ka'epekema,'a'ole ia e'oi aku ma mua 0.75 mm ke anawaena, a hiki ke'ike'ia me ka maka maka.

'O ka mea mua loa, he mau hale pa'apū nā'elele o kēia aupuni, e hā'awi ana i ke kamepi i ke'ano, a me kahi capsule makamae kūikawā, kahi e pale ai i ke kino mai kahi malo'o a hāpai i kāna huaka'i holo. I kekahi manawa,'oi aku ka nui o ka mānoanoa o kēia papa i ka nui o ka mea ma'i. 'O ka cytoplasm, i ka ho'ohālikelike'ana i nā pūnaewele o nā mea'ē a'e,'oi aku ka nani a me ke'ano. Aia nā mea'ai a pau i loko o laila, no ka mea, aia nā moemoele i kahi'ē. 'O kekahi mea'ē a'e e kōkua ana i ka ne'e'ana o ka paopao e hiki ke pani'ia e ka villi ma luna o ka'ili. Akā, aia lākou ma kahi'ē.

Ka nui

'O ke'ano o ka hanu'ana o ka holoholona holoholona ma ke'ano o nā pūnaewele, no laila ua māhele'ia lākou i mau hui e like me ko lākou nānā. Ke kapa'ia nā'ano nui penei:

• Cocci;
• Ke keiki;
• Vibrios;
• Spirochetes;
• Spirilla;
• 'O Streptococci;
• 'O Staphylococci.

Eia kekahi, aia ke'ano e like me ke'ano o nā kūlana e pono ai ke ola. E hā'awi kākou i kekahi hi'ohi'ona. 'O kēlā mau lā'auola e hiki ke ola ma ka puka'ole o ka oxygen e kapa'ia he anaerobic. Eia kekahi, microbiologists maopopo Gram-io a me Gram-maikaʻi koʻohune. Maanei e kama'ilio wale ana mākou e pili ana i ka hopena i kahi pahu kūikawā, e hilina'i ana i ke'ano o ka membrane pa'akikī. Gram hopena maikaʻi koʻohune i ka pūhaka aiiay iwi.

Ka ho'olaha

Noho lākou ma nā wahi a pau,'o ia ke kumu e koi'ia ai lākou e lawe i nā'ano loli. 'O nā lua pele a me nā wao akua, nā hohonu hohonu a me nā'āina mauna, nāwaliwali i loko o ka oxygen - hiki ke loa'a nā huapona ma nā wahi a pau. Hiki i kēia mea wale nō ma muli o ka hanana nui loa a me ka wikiwiki: hiki ke ho'oka'awale ma'alahi i kēlā me kēia 20 minuke.

Ma ke ala, i nā kumu kūpono'ole i ka ho'omau'ana i ke ola, hiki i ka bacteria o ke'ano ola ke hana i nā mea i kapa'ia he "spores,"'o ia ho'i, e komo i kahi'ano kūpono no ka lawe'ana i ka makani a i'ole ka wai. Ke holopono maika'i ka'ōpuni, ho'onui hou nā hua'ano i kahi mea kanu a ho'onui i kahi ko'i hou. 'O ke'ano kēia e ho'omau ana a ho'omau'ia ka ho'olaha'ana o ka bacteria i ke kino.

Ka inoa a me ka hana

'O ka nui o ka mea a kēia mau mea li'ili'i e hana ai, he pa'akikī ka ho'onui. 'O ka nui o ka mea kino i loko o ke kino maoli. 'O ka mea mua,'o lākou ka mea e hopohopo nei i ka nohona o nā'ano ma'alahi o ko lākou ola i kēia manawa. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, uliuli-omaomao līoho, pehea pinepine kapa cyanobacteria, maoli i hana i ka lewa, a malama i ka oxygen ma pae ma ke koi 'ia pae. Hiki i keia manawa, i kēia mau microorganisms e noho ana i loko o ka honua i ka moana pūhaka paha oi ma mua o ka hapalua o ka O _2.

'O paha ka mea'elua o ka nui o ka bacteria ma ke'ano,'o ko lākou komo'ana i ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mea lā'au. Inā'ole kēia, he pa'akikī ho'i e no'ono'o i ke ao hou. Aia nā'ōhū holo'oko'a holo'oko'a-saprophytes ('o ia ho'i nā huapona). Ka mea, i pili 'ole i loko o ka holo o ka waiwai i loko o ke ano maoli, decomposing i koe o ke aloha nā'aʻaʻa i na nā minelala hao e pono ai no ka kanu kino. No laila'o kēia mau "'ūpili" he hapa nui ia o kekahi kaiaolaola.

'O kekahi'ano ko'iko'i o ka bacteria ma ke'ano,'o ia ka ho'ololi'ana i kekahi mea i kekahi mau mea'ē a'e, akā na'e'a'ole makemake'ia kēia. Hū berena maka a ae, e loaa ka waiʻona, a lacticʻakika koʻohune - yogurt, e eiooaa? Me ka waiū, a me ka yogurt 'ē aʻe like huahana. Akā'a'ole'o ia wale. E ho'omana'o i ka ma'i bacteria i hana i ka microflora pūpū i nā mea momona. 'O ia ka mea e hiki ai i ka'ōnaehana ho'opunipuni ke komo i nā mea pono kūpono e komo i ke kino me ka'ai.

Ka palekana

Eia na'e,'a'ole e kaupalena'ia ka hana o ka bacteria ma ke'ano i nā mea maika'i. No laila, aia nā ma'i ma'i e ho'onā'ia i nā ma'i nui, no ka manawa pinepine he pono e'ānai aku i nā "malihini" i makemake'ole'ia. No kēia,'a'ole wale ka mālama'ana i ke ola,'o ia ho'i, ka holoi'ana i nā lima a me nā kino me ka hamo, akā'o ka wehewehe'ana, a me ka sterilization o nā mea a me nā mea like'ole. Hiki i nā pale e pale ai i ka bacteria hiki ke ho'okomo i ka ho'oma'amaha a me ka lō'ihi i ka wela wela, ka mea'ai me nā hō'alo waipiu a me nā pūhui kalapona, a me ka ultraviolet. Inā pololei nā mea a pau, make ka hapa nui o nā kinipona ma'i.

No ka'ai, ua ho'oha'aha'a'ia lākou i nā'ano hana like'ole: pasteurization, preservation, ka'aila, ka'ōmole, ka'ūla, ka kuke'ana, a me nā mea'ē a'e. He mea kēia e ho'olō'ihi ai i ka manawa o ko lākou mālama'ana a mālama iā lākou no ka'ai'ana. Akā'o ka palekana palekana i nā hua bacteria e hiki ke loa'a i lalo: no ka nele o ka pono e noho mākaukau mau, hiki ke ho'onāwaliwali i ka pūnaewele pa'a. No laila, mai ho'oikaika nui'oe i ka kaua me ka bacteria.