'O ka hua'ōlelo o ke kī'aha kalalu. Nā'ano, ka nui a me ka huahana o ka fermentation

'O ka pāmu o ka glucose kekahi o nā kumu nui e hiki ai ke ho'omākaukau i nā'uhane. Hiki ke mālama'ia i nā'ano like'ole, i kēlā me kēia mea i hana'ia. He kī nui kēia hana i nā wahi he nui o ko mākou ola, mai ke kuke'ana a me ke kāwili'ana i ka vodka i nā hopena i loko o ko mākou kino.

Mō'aukala

Ua ho'ohana'ia ka papahana o ka waipi'i a me nā mea'ono'ē a'e e nā po'e kahiko. 'Ai lākou i kahi mea'ai li'ili'i. Ua palekana kēia'ai, no ka mea i loko o ka wai'ona, i ka mea i pepehi'ia ai nā mea'ino'ino. I ka'āina kahiko o'Aigupita a me Babulona, ua'ike mua nā kānaka i ka hana'ana i nā mea inu a me ka waiū. I ka hiki'ana o ka po'e ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18 i ka ho'omana'o maika'i'ana i kēia ka'ina hana, nā'ano a me nā mea e hiki ai ke ho'onui a'e,'o ka'oihana like me ka kvass, ka huki a me ka waina-vodka i ulu maika'i loa.

Nā'ano o ka ho'oulu'ana

Kūlana nui, he'oko'a kēia hana. E wehewehe i ke'ano o ka'aila o ke kulukose i nā hopena hope loa. No laila, aia he lactic acid, wai'ona, citric acid, acetone, aqueic acid a me kekahi mau mea'ē a'e. E no'ono'o iki e pili ana i kēlā me kēia'ano like'ole. Lactic kaʻawaʻawaʻana monakō koko - nui kaʻina hana no ka makaukau o nā huahana e like me yogurt, huawaina holika, yogurt, e eiooaa? Me ka waiū. Ho'ohana'ia no ka mālama'ana i nā hua'ū a hana i kahi hana nui ma ko mākou kino: i ke'ano o ka nele o ka oxygen, ua ho'ololi'ia ka glucose i ka hua hope loa - ka wai malo'o, ka mea e ho'onā ai i nā'i'o i ka manawa o ke a'o'ana a ma hope iki.

Kanakaʻona mau fermentation i kekahi i loko o ia ka'eto ka waiʻona i hanaʻia me ka huahana hope loa. Hā'ai'ia me ke kōkua'ana o nā mea'anona - ka hū. A ke hana nei i ke kuleana nui i ka kuke'ana, no ka mea, ma waho a'e o ka huahana nui, ka ho'opihapika wai'ona o ka lā'au glucose i ke kalapona'okikene (e hō'ike kēia i ka loiloi o ka hō'alo).

Ho'opili'ia ke kīpona Lemon-acid, no ka mea'a'ole hiki ke koho, me ke kūkulu'ia'ana o ka waikawa citric. Ua lawe wahi ma lalo o ka aoao o kekahi laha 'o fungi a me ka hapa o ka Krebs kalapona, e hoʻolako i ka hanu o ke keena i loko o mākou kino.

Loa'a like ka Acetone-butyl fermentation i ka waikawa butyric. E like me ka hopena, ka mea i hana butyricʻakika, butyl a me ka'eto waiʻona mai ke kino, a me ka acetone o carbon dioxide. Me ka'aila o ka'aila,'o ka acid wale nō a me ke kalapona'okikene e pili ana i ka inoa.

I kēia manawa, e nānā mākou i nā'ano like'ole, a ho'omaka me ka wai'ona o ka wai'ona waikole o ka glucose. E nānā pono'ia nā hā'ina a me nā nuances o ko lākou papa.

Ka wai'ona wai

E hai mai oe i ka iki hou e pili ana i ka monakō koko fermentation, a helu kaulike: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2c ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO _2. He aha kāu e a'o ai mai kēia pane? Loa'a iā mākou nā huahana'elua: alcohol alcoyl a me carbon dioxide. No ka hopena, ke'ike nei mākou i ka ho'onui'ana o ka hō'ailona lev. A no ka mea mua, loa'a iā mākou ka manawa kūpono e loa'a ai ka'ono i ka waina a me ka waina. Akā'o ka'oia'i'o, he'ano ho'ohālikelike wale kēia. 'Oi aku ka pa'akikī piha o ka ho'opunipuni glucose, no laila e lawe iki i kahi hohonu.

Aia kekahi hana e like me ka glycolysis. 'O ka inoa o ka inoa'o ia ka inoa o ka "kō." Ua lŘlŘ i loko o ke kino, a me konaʻaoʻao-huahana mea pyruvicʻakika, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE - adenozinotrifosfornayaʻakika (ATP), a ua hana ia iloko o keia naoh, mai kekahi hui. Hiki ke'ōlelo'ia, he ATV ke kikowaena o ka ikehu i loko o ke kino, a'o ka'oia'i'o, he mea pono e mālama i ke kino me ka ikaika.

'A'ole mākou i makehewa i kēia hana. 'O ka'oia'i'o, he'ano like loa ka palaina me ka glycolysis, no ka mea,'o ka mea mua e like like ia no lākou. Hiki paha ke'ōlelo'ia,'o ka hopena o ka waipiu waipiro o ka glucose he ho'omau i ka glycolysis. Hana iloko o ka hope pyruvate (ion pyruvicʻakika) ua hoohuliia i ka acetaldehyde (Ch ₃ -C (O) H) me ke kala o ka ma-huahana o carbon dioxide. Ma hope o kēia, ua ho'emi'ia ka huahana huahua e ka NENH coenzyme i loko o ka hua bacteria. 'O ka ho'ēmi'ana i ke kūkulu'ia o ka wai'ona polio.

No laila, ka hopena o ka ho'opunipuni glucose i ka hanano e like me kēia:

1) C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ 2 = C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4 ⁺ H

2) C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ = Ch ₃ -COH + CO ₂

3) Ch ₃ -COH ⁺ NADH + H + = C ₂ H ₅ OH ⁺ NAD +

NADH mea he hōʻeleu no ka naoh, a me ka ion NAD ⁺ pâʻani i kekahi kūlana kī ma na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao kakahiaka o ka glycolysis, a ho okumu i ka hope o kanakaʻona mau fermentation, ua hoi aku la i ke kaʻina.

E hele kāua i nā'ano like'ole o ke'ano o nā hā'ina i noi'i'ia.

'O ka Lactic Acid Glucose Fermentation

Mai ka wai'ona he'ano like'ole kēia'ano ma muli'ole o ka hopena o ka mea hū, akā me ke kōkua'ana i ka bacteria lactic acid. No laila, loa'a iā mākou nā hua like'ole. Ho'opuka'ia ka ho'oulu'ana o ka wai malo'o ma ko mākou mau'i'o i nā ki'eki'e ki'eki'e a me ka nele o ka oxygen.

'Elua'ano o kēia hana. 'O ka mua, he homomentmentative fermentation. Inā'oe i lohe mua i ke prefix "homo", laila maopopo ka maopopo o ke'ano. 'O ka ho'oulu'ana i ke kāne he hana e pili ana i ho'okahi enzyme. I ka pae mua, hana'ia ka hana a me ka pyruvic acid. A laila, i ka kūpono pyruvate (ma ka pāʻoihana keiaʻakika hiki nei i loko o ka palapala o ka Ion wale) ua hoolilo i ka hydrogenation ka hoʻohana 'ana NADH ⁺ H a me lactate. 'O ka hopena,'o ka hua o ka ho'oemi he waikale laka,'o ia ho'i he 90% o nā huahana i loa'a i ka manawa o ka hopena. Hiki ke hana'ia kēia pūpū ma ke'ano o'elua isomers: D a L.'O kēia mau'ano like'ole i loko o ke'ano o nā hi'ohi'ona o kekahi i kekahi a, no laila, ho'ololi i ko mākou kino. He aha ka mea e ho'onui'ia ai ka mea ho'ohumu e ho'oholo ai i ke'ano o ka lactate dehydrogenase.

E hele kāua i ka lua o nā lactic fermentation - heterofermentative. Ma kēia ka'ina hana, e hele ana kekahi mau enzymes, a hele'o ia ma ke ala'oi aku. Ma muli o kēia, ua hana'ia nā'ano'ano like'ole i ka manawa o ka hopena: ma waho a'e o ka waika lactic, hiki iā mākou ke loa'a i laila ka waikawa acetic a me ka wai'ona waipila.

No laila, nānā mākou i ka waipū lactic acid. 'O kēia ka hana e hiki ai iā mākou ke'ono i ka ho'ā'o o ka nihi, yogurt, ryazhenka a kefir. E hōʻuluʻulu a kākau i ka naoh o lacticʻakika fermentation o ka monakō koko i loko o ka mau palapala: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₆ O _3. 'O ka'oia'i'o, he hana ma'alahi kēia o ke ka'ina hana o ka fermentation homofermentative, no ka mea'o ka ho'olālā o ke ka'ina heteroenzymatic e pa'akikī loa. Ke ho'omau nei nā mea ho'omana'o i ka waiu waiu o ka glucose a'ike i kona mau kikowai piha, no laila, he nui kā mākou e ho'ā'o ai.

'O Lemon-baking fermentation

'O nā hopena o kēia'ano o ka fermentation e hana, e like me ka wai'ona, ma lalo o ke ka'ina o nā ha'alulu o kekahi'ano. 'A'ole i ho'omaopopo maopopo'ia ka mana piha o kēia ho'opi'i, a ua hiki iā mākou ke hilina'i wale i kekahi mau hua'ōlelo. Eia nō na'e, aia he mau mana'o'o ka wā mua o ke ka'ina hana he glycolysis. A laila huli ka wai pyruvic i loko o nā'ano'aila like'ole a hele mai i ka lemon. Ma muli o ia'ano hana, ho'opili'ia nā mea'oko'a'ē a'e i loko o ke'ano o ka hopena, nā huahana o ka oxydation ho'okū'ole o ka glucose.

Kēia kaʻina ia lŘlŘ ma lalo o ka aoao o ka oxygen, a nui ka mea hiki ke palapalaia e ke kēia helu kaulike. 2c ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 3O ₂ = 2c ₆ H ₈ O ₇ + 4H ₂ O. Prior a hiki i kēia 'ano o ka fermentation wehe, kanaka extracted citricʻakika Ho'opili pinepine i nā hua o ka lā'au e pili ana. Eia nō na'e, i ka lemona o kēia waika'a'ole i'oi aku ma mua o 15%, no laila ua'ike'ole'ia kēia'ano i ka'ole, a ma hope o ka'ike'ana o kēia hopena ua ho'omaka'ia ka huakini e hua'ia ma ka pāpa'a.

'O ka hinu

E hele i ka'ao'ao hou. Hiki ke'ano ho'ohāhā'ana ma lalo o ka hana o ka bacteria a me ka waiuma. Ho'onui'ia lākou, a me ka hana a lākou i hana ai, kahi i ho'okumu i ka hana nui ma nā'oihana biologically important. Me ke kōkua'ana o kēia mau huamēlē, e ho'okō'ia ana ke kino o nā mea make. 'O ka'aila hinu, i hana'ia i ka manawa o nā hamo, e hopu i ka'ala o ka mea hō'ailona.

Ho'ohana'ia kēia'ano ho'opū'ai ma ka'oihana. Ma kāu koho'ana, loa'a lākou i ka acidic oleic. Ho'ohana'ia kona mau esters i ka mea'ala a me ka'ala'olu, e like me kona'ano pono'ī. Eia na'e,'a'ole maika'i ka ho'opili'ana o ka'aila. Hiki ke hō'ino i nā mea kanu, nā mea i hana'ia, ka waiū a me nā huahana'ē a'e. Akā, hiki i kēia ke hana, inā wale nō i komo ka hua'ona manu i loko o ka huahana.

E nānā kākou i ke'ano o ka'aila o ka'aila glucose. Reactions ka mea, nana e like: C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → Ch ₃ Ch ₂ Ch ₂ COOH + 2CO ₂ ↑ + 2H _2. 'O ka hopena, ua huahua'ia ka ike, kahi e hō'oia ana i ka hana ola o ka bacteria butyric acid.

'O ka Acetone-butyl fermentation

He'ano like kēia'ano me ka waikawa butyric. 'A'ole wale wale ka glucose, akā'o ka glycerin, a me ke pyruvic acid ka holo i kēia'ano. Hiki ke ho'ohele i kēia ka'ina i'elua mau lālani:'o ka mea mua (i kapa'ia he acidic i kekahi manawa) he'oia'i'o nō ka ho'opunipuni waikawa oleic. Eia na'e, me ka'aila, ua ho'oku'u'ia ka'eleka acetic. No ka hopena o ka fermentation o ka glucose i kēia'ano, loa'a iā mākou nā huahana e hele i ka lua o ka manawa (acetonobutyl). Ma muli o ka hopena o ke ka'ina hana ma lalo o ka hana o ka huakī, a laila ka waikawa o ka mea (ke ho'onui i ka concentration o ka waikawa) e ho'opuka i ka ho'oku'u'ana i nā enzymes ma'amau i ka hua bacteria. Ka mea, induce i ka huli ana naoh o monakō koko fermentation huahana ma n.-Butanol (butyl ka waiʻona) a me ka acetone. Eia kekahi, hiki ke ho'okumu'ia kahi ethanol.

Nā'ano'ē a'e

Ma waho a'e o kēia mau'ano'elima o kēia ka'ina hana, aia he nui aku. Eia kekahi la'ana,'o kēia ka ho'opi'i'oihana. Hiki ke hana'ia ma lalo o ka hana o nā ma'i bacteria. Hiki ke ho'ohana'ia kēia'ano hana kīhāpai no nā mea pono i ka huki'ana. Mālama ia i ka'ai mai nā ma'i pathogens a me nā huapi'ona kino. Ho'okalaka'ia ka lepo kūmole a me ka methane. 'A'ole e like me nā'ano mua, hiki ke hana'ia kēia'ano fermentation no nā pūhui'enehana nui. Ma muli o ka nui o nā hopena pa'akikī, ho'oka'awale'ia nā mea lā'au i ka methane, hydrogen a me carbon dioxide.

Ke'ano hana ola

'O ka hō'ailona ka pae mua loa no ka loa'a'ana o ka ikehu e nā meaola ola. Hiki i kekahi mea hana i nā mea lā'au, i loa'a ka ikehu, a'o nā mea'ē a'e e ho'opau i kēia mau mea, i ka loa'a'ana o ka ike. Ua kūkulu'ia ko mākou ola a pau ma kēia. A i loko o kēlā me kēia o kā mākou ho'oikaika'ana ma ke'ano like'ole a me kekahi kālā'ē a'e. E like me kā mākou i'ōlelo ai ma luna nei, hiki i ka'ōpū lactic i nā'i'o a me ka ho'oulu'ana.

He aha hou e heluhelu ai?

Inā makemake'oe i ka hanaolaponaolaola o kēia ka'ina hoihoi, pono e ho'omaka me nā puke kula e pili ana i ka māmā a me ka biology. I loko o nā puke kulanui he nui nā mea kiko'ī i hō'ike'ia ma hope o ka heluhelu'ana ia mau mea hiki iā'oe ke lilo i mea akamai i kēia māhele.

Ka Hopena

No laila ua hiki mākou i ka hopena. Ua nānā aku mākou i nā'ano kulina a me nā kumuhana nui o kēia mau hana, a he hana ko'iko'i ma ka hana'ana o nā meaola ola a me kā mākou'oihana. He hiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana e wehe mākou i nā'ano like'ole o kēia hana kahiko a a'o i ke'ano o ka ho'ohana'ana iā lākou no ka pono o mākou iho, e like me ka mea i'ike mua'ia e mākou.