'okanikaʻole kemika - He aha ka keia? 'okanikaʻole kemika i loko o ke kula laulā maʻamau

Kemika hana ana ma na kula hoomaka ma ka 8th papa e noiʻi i ka mau loina o ka 'epekema: e wehewehe i ka mea hiki ke ano o ka paa ana ma waena o nā'ātoma, ke ano o ka anianiʻolu , a me ka loa, he pono ole naoh maomeka. Kēia i ke kahua no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka nui, akā, oi kekahi pauku - inorganics.

Aha keia

'okanikaʻole kemika - ka 'epekema i E hoomanao i na kumu mua o ka' ole, walaʻauʻana waiwai a me reactivity o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina o ka oihana mua. An kūlana nui ua pâʻani 'o ia i loko o ka inorganics papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika Law, i regulates ke kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana Mea Maluna o ka waiwai, e hoʻololi' ana i kā lākou ke kaupaonaʻana, a me ka helu type.

Ka papa encompasses hui i hanaʻia ma ka reacting papaaina hehee wale (ka wale, koe nae o ka aina o hydrocarbons, noʻonoʻo i loko o ke aloha Mokuna). Hana ma'okanikaʻole kemika ae e hooko aku i kaʻimi naʻauao ike i ka hana.

'Epekema ma ka mōʻaukala kuanaʻike

I ka inoa "ka'okanikaʻole"ʻikeʻia i loko o e like me ka manao i mea uhi i kekahi hapa o Nine Inch ike, i ua ole i pili i ka ha awina o liluwelo meaola.

Over manawa, ka mea, ua maopopo i ka hapanui o ka ke aloha honua hiki paka a me ka " 'ole-ola" o ka hui, a me kekahi' ano o ka hydrocarbons synthesized i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua. Penei,'amoniuma cyanate, i ka paakai kemika hehee wale Wohler Kelemānia nä känaka 'epekema ke synthesize urea.

E pale ka hilahila a me ka nomenclature a me ka Mea Maluna o na ano o ka noiʻi ka mau sciences? Ia? Aiiu o ke kula a me ka kulanui papa e ia no ka mau kemika komo ai i ke ao o ka'okanikaʻole me ke kumu ana. Ma ka scientific ao ua ola analogous kaʻina,.

Classes inorganics

Nine Inch ua hānai 'oi aku ka mea i loko o i introductory Mokuna inorganically noonoo papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika kānāwai hehee wale. Kēia Mea Maluna He He kūikawāʻano, a ua ma muli o ka mea mahuʻi i ka'ātoma nukelea 'āhewa' ana i ka hopena ma luna o nā waiwai o ka waiwai a me kaʻikepili nā koho lauwili cyclically. Initially papaʻaina kūkulu like me ka manaʻo o ka nui'ātoma nuipa a hehee wale, akā, ua hoʻowahāwahā koke i haawiia mai kaʻina no ka mea, o ka hoʻokō 'ole' ana ma o ka lākiō o i noi aku i ka noonoo ana i keia mea,'okanikaʻole mea.

Kemika, ma ka hou ana i ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, paipai i ke alo o ka pili ana i ka haneri kinona, huhui waina a lākou a me nā pakuhi, he hoike ana i ke alapine (frequency) waiwai.

Currently kaulana hoʻohui a hoʻopaʻa hoʻokolohua o ka noonoo ana o ia mau manaÿo i papa o'okanikaʻole kemika. Nā kolamu o ka papaʻaina hehee wale i hoakaka ia ke kaumaha ma muli o ka physico-Nine Inch ka waiwai, i loko o laina - like i kekahi i kekahi manawa.

Simple 'ona i loko o inorganics

Ka hoailona i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, a me ka mea waiwai i loko o ka noa ana - pinepine elua kekahi mau mea. Ma ka hihia mua ia Hōʻike 'wale i kekahi mau' ano o nā'ātoma, i loko o ka lua - ke 'ano o ka hui (particles) a me ko lakou mau manao ole i ka hale lio' ano apau loa.

Nine ka ponaʻana i loko o na mea waiwai ke kumu no ia e puunaue i ka ohana. Penei, elua laulā pūʻulu o ka laha 'ana o nā'ātoma hiki e hookoaia - i eliiaʻi a me ka' ole-ke hooheheeia. Ka ohana mua mai nā '96 lālā mai 118? Anoee.

ke hooheheeia

Metalʻano presupposes i ka pili ma waena o na (particles) o ka mea hookahi inoa. AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN nānā 'ana i socialization puka olu oia i electrons, wehewehe aku omnidirectional a me ka unsaturated. 'O kēia ke kumu i eliiaʻi i maikai conductors o ka wela, ka uku ole, i kekahi mea hao alohilohi, malleability a me ka ductility.

Conventionally, e haʻalele ke hooheheeia ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina iloko pololei laina mai ka boron e astatine. Oihana mua i mea like me ka wahi a hiki i keia laina, e pinepine palena 'ano a me ka ho'āʻo i ka duality o ka waiwai (e laʻa me, germanium).

Ke hooheheeia walaʻauʻana palapala i ka hui. Ke degere o ka'okesaside o ia mau waiwai nō kāu, aole e oi aku i elua. Ma lalo o metallicity piʻina a emi iho i loko o ke au. No ka laʻana, radioactive francium hōʻike i ke kumu o ka waiwai ma mua o paʻakai, a me ka halogen ohana ua iodine e ikea mea hao alohilohi.

Ke kulana mea okoa i loko o ke au o ka - ana sublevels inert kinoea, ma mua i nā waiwai i ke alo waiwai. Ma ka papamoe makahiki o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina o ka oihana mua hōʻike reactivity loli mai ka walaʻauʻana a hiki iʻakika amphoteric ma. Ke hooheheeia - maikai hoemi konohiki (ʻae electrons i loko o ke kahua o ka paa ana).

Ole-ke hooheheeia

Kēiaʻano o nā'ātoma nā ka nui papa o'okanikaʻole kemika. Ole-ke hooheheeia kūlana 'i kaʻaoʻao o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina akau-lima, nō kāu hoike ʻakika waiwai. Ka loa mau loaʻaʻikepili nā kumumea i loko o ka palapala o ka i huiʻia me ka kekahi i kekahi (e laʻa me, borates, sulfates, ka wai). Ma ka noa hakakino moku'āina ka mea, ua ike i ke ola ana o ka luaipele, i oxygen a me ka naikokene. He nui no hoi kekahi mau hale-ke hooheheeia diatomic kinoea - 'Aʻohe wai iaʻu, mai ka mau i haiia ae maluna, i kēia mau nā hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, chloro a me ka iodo.

He ka loa nui 'ona ma luna o ka honua - pakahi aku la ia, he pono ole silikone, hydrogen, i oxygen a me ka kalapona. Iodine, selenium a me ka arsenic puunaue loa uuku (ʻaneʻi ia mea hiki, e hookomo radioactive a me ka lolelua ka kŰia ke kau, a i aia i loko o ka hope wā o ka papaʻaina).

Ma ka hui ana o nonmetals hoiʻAmelika, me nāʻakika. He ikaika oxidants aie a hiki i ka manawa kūpono o ka huiʻana o nā electrons, e hoʻopiha i kaʻilikai.

Complex 'ona i loko o inorganics

Eia hou, o ka waiwai a i na poe ma kekahi pae o nā'ātoma maopopo i huiʻia ec kekahi mauʻano kŰia ke kau. Oia waiwai hiki e aeaie (oia hoi o elua okoa (particles)), three-, eha-hehee ai, a no laila, ma luna o.

Two-hehee ai waiwai

Of mau mea nui ma ka pili binarity nā lātoma i pili kemika. Classes o'okanikaʻole i huiʻia nō hoʻi e noʻonoʻo mai ka kuanaʻike o ka pili ana i hanaʻia ma waena o nā nā'ātoma. Ua hiki e ionic, mea hao, covalent (Polar ole nonpolar) a me ka hui. Nō kāu mau konohiki maopopo ho'āʻo walaʻauʻana (no ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia kumukuai), amphoteric (pālua - pakahi aku la ia oiaio no Aluminum) oleʻakika (ina he mea he hehee ai i loko o'okesaside moku'āina o +4 a kiekie ae) e like ai.

Ekolu hehee ai hoa

Halaman hoolako'okanikaʻole kemika noonoo a me kēia 'ano o ka' ona nā'ātoma. Ka hui komo o ka oi ma mua o nā pūʻulu o nā'ātoma (IeAUPIIe, IAa IO'okanikaʻole hana ai i ka ekolu-apanaʻAno) e nō kāu i hanaʻia me ke komo 'ana o ka eiiiiiaiou e OAOOUIEeE me ka nui loa, mai kekahi i kekahi i loko o physicochemical kiko'î.

Hiki 'ano o ka' ōlelo - covalent, ionic a me ka hui. Nō kāu, ekolu-hehee ai waiwai o ka hana like i aeaie ma ka oiaio i kekahi o ka interatomic koa he nui ka ikaika i kekahi: iki ua loaʻa secondarily, a i ka hiki e dissociate ma ka pāʻoihana wikiwiki.

Classes o'okanikaʻole kemika

Ka mea uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa aʻo i loko o ka papa'okanikaʻole waiwai hiki ke noʻonoʻo no ka mea Mea Maluna e like me kā lākou haku mele 'ana a me ka waiwai. Penei, maopopo hydroxides, nāʻakika, oxides a me ka paʻakai. Noonoo o ko lākou pili mea maikaʻi, e hoʻomaka ana me ka hoike ana i ka manaʻo o ka oxidised ano, a hiki e kokoke i kekahi'okanikaʻole waiwai. Ke kemika o na hoa kūkākūkā i loko o ka Mokuna i oxides.

oxides

'okesaside mea he huina lakou o kekahi Nine Inch hehee ai me ka o oxygen i loko o ka'okesaside noho like i -2 (i peroxides -1 niioaaonoaaiii). Bond ho okumu ia lŘlŘ ma muli o ka huina'ine hopena a me ka ho'ēmiʻana o ia mea a me O ₂ (kahi loa electronegative hehee ai ka oxygen).

A i eʻakika, a me ka amphoteric, a me ka walaʻauʻana waiwai ke kaumaha ma muli o ka lua o ka pae ana o nā'ātoma. Inā keia metala ma ka'okesaside, aole ia i oi aku mamua o +2'okesaside moku'āina, ina he pili-metala - mai ka 4 a me ka luna. Nā Eia kekahi laʻana a me na mea kiko'î o ka pālua ano loaʻa waiwai 3.

ʻakika inorganics

ʻakika i huiʻia o ka naoh meakino i emi o 7 ma ka hydrogen maʻiʻo o cations a e hele aku i loko o pāʻoihana a me ka a laila UAIAaIN ma ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ion. E like me ka Mea Maluna i luna 'waiwai. Ka hapa nui o na nāʻakika hiki ke hoomakaukau e nāu me ka wai o ka like oxides, e laʻa me, ma ke kahua o ka sulfuricʻakika ma hope o ka hydration o ¶ I _3.

XIX.'okanikaʻole kemika

Ka waiwai o ka mea i huiʻia o kēia 'ano ku i ke alo o ka hydroxyl'ano'ē OH, e leie aku ka naoh i hoʻolilo' ia ma luna 7. i kapaia ka mekala 'åkilikai-wailana mau kumu, ka mea,ʻo ka loa potent i loko o keia papa o ka' ona ma luna, no ka piha dissociation (decomposition i loko o Ion i loko o ka wai). OH pae i loko o ke kahua o ka paʻakai hiki ke auou caiaiai me kaʻakika residues.

'okanikaʻole kemika - he pālua 'epekema i ke kākau i ka mea, mai ka okoa kuanaʻike. I kumumanaʻo kumu protolytic noʻonoʻo me hydrogen acceptors cation. Kēia hoʻokokoke kŰlń ao ka manaʻo o keia ano o ka waiwai, mekala 'åkilikai kahea ana i kekahi waiwai e hikiʻae i kekahi proton.

paʻakai

Kēiaʻano o ka hui ua loaʻa ma waena o ko lākou mau kumu a me nāʻakika, me he huahana o ko lākou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Ke'ī mai, e like me ka cation nō kāu lawelawe 'ana i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ion (kekahi manawa'amoniuma, phosphonium ole hydronium) e like me anionic waiwai -ʻakika koena. I ka paakai ho okumu UAIAaIN ma ka hydrogen me kekahi waiwai.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka lākiō o reagents a me ka ikaika a me ka mahalo i kekahi i kekahi me ka maiau hana kekahi mauʻano o ka naoh huahana.

• walaʻauʻana paʻakai i loaa ina ka mea,ʻaʻole loa hookomoia (ka 'ona i kona'ākilikai naoh meakino) ka hydroxyl hui;
• ʻakika paʻakai i hana i loko o ka e ku pono hihia - me ka nele i kū'ē hydrogen hapa kumu i koe i loko o ka pili;
• ka loa ka ikeia, a me ka oluolu, e maopopo e averages (ole maʻamau) hāpana - ka mea, i ka huina hoonui o ka piha neutralization reagents, e hana i ka wai, a me ka waiwai, me wale i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia cation paha he mea like o ia mea a me kaʻakika moiety.

'okanikaʻole kemika - ka 'epekema e komo ai ka mahele ana i kēlā me kēia papa i ke koena ai, a i manaoia ma kekahi mau manawa: hoʻokahi - mua' ē aʻe - hope. Ma ka hohonu, ao hoomaopopo hoi 4 ke ano o ka paʻakai:

• Pālua iloko o ka hookahi anion i loko o ke alo o na cations elua. Nō kāu mau mea i ka hopena o ka merging mau paʻakai me ka iaʻakika koena, akā, okoa ke hooheheeia.
• Hui e ku pono ana o ka mea mua kekahi: ka mea, o ke kumu o kekahi cation me nāʻokoʻa anions.
• Mea pōaka hydrates - paʻakai, i loko o ka haʻilula o i ka wai i loko o ka mea pōaka moku'āina.
• Pono a pau o - na waiwai ma i ka cation, anion a 'elua o ia mau poe i loko o ka palapala o nā huhui waina a lākou me ka mīkini hana wāwahie. Oia paʻakai hiki ke hoomakaukauia advantageously mai oihana mua o ka subgroup B.

E like me nā waiwai i loko o ka Workshop ma'okanikaʻole kemika, i hiki ke hoʻolaha i paʻakai 'ole me kanaka mokuna ike i ke i hoike ia hydrides, nitrides, carbides a me intermetallic i huiʻia (i huiʻia o kekahi mau mea hiki ke hooheheeia, ole-oka a).

hualoaʻa

'okanikaʻole kemika - ka 'epekema i mea o ka hoihoi ana i kela hoʻomalu i loko o kēia poepoe, nānā' ole o ko lākou pono. Ua nā ka mokuna mua, aʻo ma ke kula ma luna o ke kumuhana. Lakou o'okanikaʻole kemika hāʻawi systematization o ka nui puke o ka 'ike i loko o e like me ka ike a me ka mea Mea Maluna.