Pehea e hooholo i ka degere o ka'okesaside

All Nine Inch waiwai komo o nā lātoma, a nō ka mea liilii loa (particles). Ka mea, ua uila'ākilikai, a i hakuʻia no nā'ātoma, a i ua hoʻopili ʻia covalent paa. Ka hiki o nā'ātoma o Nine Inch nā kumumea i loko o nā nā lātoma, e hana i kekahi helu o nā loulou kapa valence. I e pili ana me ka muli a me ka hooulu ana o ka pähola 'ana o Nine Inch paa ana i kēia manaʻo i undergone nui loli a me ka manawa, aole maopopo' epekema ka hoohalike ana,ʻano nui hoʻohana ma o ke aʻo hana, a ua pinepine hōʻike 'ia me ke degere o ka'okesaside. Inā ka lātoma - o ka huna uuku huna mea, ke'Ātoma o ka mea liilii loa indivisible huna Nine Inch hehee ai. Atom Ua hoi uila'ākilikai nā huna i loko o kona waena mai i kāna mau 'ōlelo iloko olaila o ka ikaika i hoopiiia protons, a puni ka mea, he mea he ao o electrons (negatively, papa mai). No ia mea, ia ia lŘlŘ balancing i ka maikaʻi malama o ka nucleus hopena maikaʻi malama o electrons. E maopopo pehea e ho oholo i ka degere o ka'okesaside, a me ka mea ia mea e pono e noonoo i ka 'ole o nā lātoma o kekahi waiwai.

Ma ka lātoma o ka hydrogen koloriside (HCl) ma waena o hydrogen a me ka chlorine, he mea kekahi e like me ka paʻa o electrons. A hydrogen'Ātoma i kekahi proton a me kekahi huina'ine. chlorine'Ātoma he 17 protons a me electrons 17, kekahi o na electronsʻehiku i loko o ka pā iwi huina'ine nuʻa no kēlā me kēia me ka huina'ine o ka hydrogen'Ātoma, e lilo nō ia ma laila i ka huina'ine paʻa: H: Cl. Nā H2S hana lātoma ka sulfur'Ātoma 2 i kaʻana like paʻa o nā electrons me nā hydrogen nā'ātoma: H: S: H. Pehea e hooholo i ka degere o ka'okesaside o ka hehee ai, no ka laʻana, chlorine a me HCl ma ka lātoma hydrogen a me ka hydrogen luaipele i loko o ka lātoma H2S? Valency haawi i ka manaʻo o ka mea nui i hanaʻia i loko o ka lātoma mea paa a me ka huina'ine hui, akā, 'aʻole e hōʻike i loko o kā lākou pohupani hale.

Ua Ua ea ae ka hana i na electrons o nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma e hui ma ka huina'ine hui a i 'oni iki ana i ka loa elekrootritsatelnomu'Ātoma. Hydrogen a chlorine i loko o ka HCl ke hoʻoili i kekahi palapala, a ua 'oni iki i ka chlorine no ka mea, o ka loa electronegative. Pela, ke degere o ka'okesaside like i ka hydrogen hua hoʻohui 1, ana chlorine - hua 1. kēlā me kēia hydrogen'Ātoma i loko o ka lātoma H2S hele mai i loko o ke kamaʻilio me kekahi ka sulfur'Ātoma, i ka huli i mau paa. Nā huina'ine hui ma keia hihia 'oni iki ana i ka luaipele'Ātoma. No laila, i ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka hydrogen hua hoʻohui lākou, 1, a me ka luaipele'Ātoma - hua 2. Pehea e hooholo i ka degere o ka'okesaside konohiki, e laʻa me, HCl, H2S, O2, N2, Na, AG, Si? Ke'okesaside o ka poe noonoo ole a luna 'waiwai i mau 0, e like me ka waiwai haku o nā lātoma a me nā'ātoma a me ka mea i uila'ākilikai. Puka mai keia, i loaa i ka degere o ka'okesaside o ka hehee ai i loko o ka lātoma.

Ma ke kumu o hypochlorousʻakika ke noonoo pehea e ho oholo i ka degere o ka'okesaside no ka Cl'Ātoma. Ma HClO lātoma, e like me ia ma ka lātoma o kekahi ē paha i ho'ākāka, hydrogen mea mau (koe wale hydrides) wehewehe aku ma ka'okesaside hua hoʻohui 1, a me ka oxygen ma ka manawa -'okesaside hua 2 (koe nae barium peroxide a me ka i oxygen fluoride). No ka mea, o ka lātomaʻaʻohe kauoha iho, ua hiki ke kākau helu kaulike (1) + + m (- 2) = 0. kēia helu kaulike pono e wehe pilikia: m = 0 - (1) - (-2) = (+1) pela, e huli mai i ka degere o ka'okesaside o Cl no lātoma o hypochlorousʻakika hua hoʻohui lākou, 1. keia hana e hōʻike mai ana i ka ho oholo i ka degere o ka'okesaside o kekahi mau hehee ai i loko o ka lātoma. Mua o nā mea a pau, i ka hooponopono ia ka ikea nā loina o nā kumu mua valency paha i e ole hoʻololi i ka degere o ka'okesaside.

Pela, ua kapaia'okesaside ka conditional cia (kūlana malama o ka'Ātoma i loko o ka lātoma) hoʻohana no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ia e nā helu kaulike reactions pili me ka'okesaside a me ka ho'ēmiʻana o kekahi mau waiwai. Kēia waiwai lākou, i ka helu o nā hui o electrons, i loa 'oni iki i ka electronegative nā lātoma o Nine Inch hehee wale. Ke'okesaside Ua kākau ma o ka hōʻailona'Ātoma. Kēia e komo ai i ka 'pehea e ho oholo i ka degere o ka'okesaside o kekahi mau hehee ai i loko o ka lātoma o kekahi waiwai. No ka laʻana, he mooolelo (Na + 1Cl-1) mea e e hoʻomaopopo i ka paakai lātoma paʻakai'okesaside degere hua hoʻohui 1, hua 1, a me ka chlorine penei: (+1) + (-1) = 0. Ma ka lātoma o potasiuma permanganate (K + 1Mn + 7O-24) hoʻohui 1 potasiuma e manganese hua hoʻohui 7, o ka oxygen ma hua 2, i mea: (+1) + (+7) + 2 • (-2) = 0. ka lātoma o nitricʻakika (H + 1N + 5O-23) hoʻohui 1 no ka hydrogen, no ka naikokene hua hoʻohui 5 no ka mea o oxygen hua 2, a me ka mea a pau lātoma ka uila'ākilikai. (+1) + (+5) + 3 • (-2) = 0. ma ka lātoma o nitrous ʻakika (H + 1N + 3O-22) hoʻohui 1 no ka hydrogen, no ka naikokene hua hoʻohui 3 o oxygen hua 2, mai kaʻoihana o ka lātoma mea like i Aʻohe, laila: (1) + (3) + 2 • (-2) = 0. No ka laʻana, naikokene hiki ke ike i keia'Ātoma i i ka okoa 'ona i loko o kekahi'okesaside Hawaii o ka hua hoʻohui a hua 3, e 5 (me ka wā mawaena o kekahi pa alima).