Soviet rocket "Energy" superheavy papa

"Energy" - ka Soviet Naha Pōhaku-kaumaha Launch kaa. I ua kekahi o ka loa kūkulu ekolu loa ikaika loa Kao lele lako kaua o ka ia papa - "Saturn V», e like me ka 'ölelo-ola me ka make rocket H-1, iholaʻo ia i ia e auou caiaiai. Kekahi Kao lele lako kaua i ka papa kuhikuhiE manao o ka wehe i ka Astronomical o ka Soviet kahua moku ahikao, a hooku ae la ia ma ke kaʻawale mai o ka US, e lawe aku i ko lakou mau kiko'ī manaʻia e ka nui mawaho wahie pahu. Oiai i loko o 1987-1988, o ka "Energy" palua hele ma ka makahiki, a laila, hoʻomaka ua hou haliia mai la mawaho, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i loko o ka Soviet Union ka mea, ua i ia i ka iniiaiie kumu o ka haawi ana o ukana i ka Astronomical o ka XXI kenekulia.

I Helu foothold

Valentin Glushko alakai TSKBEM (mamua OKB-1) Ma hope iho, ke kūapoʻana i ka hoʻowahāwahāʻia Vasily Mishin,ʻo ia malaila 20 mahina e hana ana ma luna o ka hoʻokumu o ka Helu kumu, ma muli o ka hooponopono hou ana o ka "Proton" rocket manao Vladimir Chelomeya i hoʻohana hypergolic kiko'ī Glushko.

Ma i kakahiaka nui 1976, nae, o ka Soviet alakaʻi nō e hooki aku i ka I Helu polokalamu, a kālele ana ma luna o ka Soviet makahiki moku ahikao hope i aloha mai i ka US moku ahikao me he koa hoʻoweliweli mai kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. 'Oiai, e ho'ōla "Buran" ka mea i like loa me ka competitor, Glushko i hoʻokahiʻiʻo loli a i' ae 'ia e malama i kona I Helu polokalamu.

Soviet moku ahikao

Ka Amelika moku ahikao "Space moku ahikao" mau paa rocket boosters mau minuke, e lūlū aku i ka moku a hiki i ka kiʻekiʻena o 46 ei. Ma hope o kā lākou kaawale moku hoʻohana kiko'ī aia i loko o ka mahope loa. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka hookahi moku ahikao, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ka hapa, i kona iho rocket launcher, a he nui mawaho wahie pahu, i ka i ka mea i pili, i ole he Kao lele lako kaua. He wale manaoia e lawe aku i wahie no ke kumu nui kiko'ī o ka makahiki moku ahikao.

Glushko hoʻoholo i kūkulu i kekahi "Buran" i mau me kekahi engine. Ua ua he glider, ke hoʻololi e hoʻi i ka Honua, a ua hōʻike 'ia ma luna o kiko'ī ka Astronomical e ku pono e like me ka wahie i pahu o ka' Amelika a puni moku ahikao. I mea ka mea, ua he rocket "Energy". Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka luna akamai o ka Soviet Union i ka'ōnaehana i loko o ka makahiki moku ahikao booster papa "Saturn V» Module, a hiki palena papaha malama i ke kumu no kona punahele I Helu kumu.

kolu o ka hanauna

He aha mea he lawe rocket "Energy"? Kona ulu ana, hoomaka ae la ka wā Glushko alakaʻi CDBMB (i ka mea i hoʻohana 'ia ka inoa "Energy" i loko o ka inoa o ka lānai hou ana aʻei NGO Oihana lōʻihi ma mua o nā Kao lele lako kaua) a lawe mai me ia i ka hou manao o ka rocket mokulele (RLA). I ke kakahiaka nui 1970 ka Soviet Union i ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ekolu rockets - ". Proton" modifying ka H-1 i ka P-7, "cyclone" a me ka mea a pau o ia structurally okoa mai kekahi i kekahi, no laila lākou ola koina, he kŘpa a kiʻekiʻe. Ua pono, e hana i ka malamalama, meakino, kaumaha a me ka Naha Pōhaku-kaumaha Launch kaa, oia no kekahi e like me ka kau ana o eiiiiiaiou no ke kolu o ka hanauna o Soviet spacecraft, a me RLA Glushko hoʻomākaukau no kēia kūlana.

RLA Series conceded "Zenith" OKB Yangelya, akā, nalo keia Buro kaumaha Launch kaa i, e ka mea hiki, e paipai i ka "Energy". Glushko i kona mea i manao RLA-135, a oia no ka nui ka papa kuhikuhiE booster Module a me detachable accelerators, a hou kaumaha aku la ia a me ka māhele "Zenith" mana like accelerators, a nui hou Kao lele lako kaua, hoʻomohala ma kana oihana. Ka olelo i maliuʻia - no ka mea, "Energia" rocket i hanau.

Korolev ua pololei

Akā, ua Glushko, e lawe i kekahi lāʻau i kona ego. No ka nui makahiki, i ka wa polokalamu Soviet Ua hampered no ka mea, i ka mea, i oleʻae me Sergei Korolev, ka poe i manaoio i ka nui rocket wai o oxygen, a hydrogen nō ka mea maikaʻi loa mōʻalihaku. No laila, ma ka H-1 Hawaii i kūkulu nui emi inā pilikia ka haumāna akamai Nikolai Kuznetsov a me VPGlushkoʻeleu ma luna o ka nitricʻakika a me ka dimethylhydrazine.

Oiai keia wahie a me ka noho pono e like me nuʻa a me ka suitability no ka pūnaewele, akā, ka mea, ua emi ikehu mālama nui a me ka oiʻawahia, a mea he nui pilikia ma ka hihia o ka ulia. Eia hou, i ka Soviet alakaʻi ua pili, e hopu mai me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia - ka USSR i nui kiko'ī ma luna o wai o oxygen, a hydrogen, oiai ma na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao lua a me ke kolu o "Saturn V» e hoʻohana i ka papa kuhikuhiE engine "Space moku ahikao. " Kekahi makemake, kekahi hapa no a hiki i kēia manaʻo koikoi kālai'āina, akā, Glushko ka mea, i ka haawi aku i loko o kona hoopaapaa ana me ka Queen, ka mea no nā makahikiʻewalu, i ka mea,ʻaʻohe hou e ola ana.

10 makahiki o? Acaeoey

Over ka umi makahiki e hiki mai ana (keia mea lōʻihi, akā,ʻaʻole he nui loa: no ka hoʻomōhala "Saturn V» i ehiku makahiki) NPO "Energia" Ua ulu he nunui ka papa kuhikuhi kahua. Ke kīloi paʻewa boosters he kŘpa a māmā, uuku a hoʻohana kiko'ī no ka wai o oxygen, a kerosene, me ka hanaia'na o ka a ka Soviet Union i ka hoao ana nui, no laila, i ua makaukau no ka mua i holo i loko o October 1986 ka rocket holoʻokoʻa.

Eia naʻe, uaʻaʻohe payload no ia. Oiai ka hooulu ana o ka "Energy" a aia no kekahi mau pilikia a me ke kulana o ka moku ahikao "Buran" ua nui loa - ka mea, ua i hiki kokoke i ka paʻaʻana. Up a hiki i keia wahi, ua hoʻohana 'ia ka inoa "Energy" no ka lawe rocket, a me ka makahiki pelane. Here a me ka mākaukau liana Glushko. i ole i Rocket, e kali no ka mea 'ē aʻe hapalua, e noho makaukau. I ka makahiki hope o kona hanaia'na, ka mea i hoʻoholo i ka hana i ka holo me ka "Buran".

"Polyus" i na mea kaua lāhui

hou payload "Polyus" Ua hanaia ma waena o Akuma ka makahiki 1985 a me ka Akuma ka makahiki 1986. Ua i kekahi o ka ooieoeiiaeuiiai ukana hihia Vladimir Chelomeya redeveloped mai ka makahiki ku Module, a ua pili loa me ka Module o ka ISS "Zarya". "Polyus" Ua manao no ka laulā huahelu o ka ho okolohua, akā, i kona mau papa hana i, e hoao i ka 1-MW i carbon dioxide kukuna - mea kaua, hoʻomohala i loko o ka Soviet Union mai 1983. I ka mea, na mea a pau uaʻaʻole like ominous me ka mea kani, mahope mai o ka USSR nema aku i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia no ka Kākou mau Pale Kaua Initiative, a me Mikhail Gorbachev i ole makemake e aa aku i ka Americans ke aʻo e pili ana i ka oihana koa confrontation. Summit ma Reykjavik i pau ai i loko o October 1986, a hiki kokoke i ka'ano'ē ka ho'ēmiʻana o nukelea mea kaua i ke aupuni, a i ka 1987 December ka mea, ua kokoke lakou e hoʻopau i ka 'aelike i ka ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka meakino-huahelu Kao lele lako kaua. Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'kukuna eiiiiiaiou ka noonoo e ole ia, ua hiki wale ke Track pale kaua, a hiki i ka Gorbachev banned ka hoao ana e kipa Baikonur no kekahi mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻomaka' ana. Eia naʻe, Gorbachev ka makaikai alakaʻi i ka muli o ke kūlana inoa Kao lele lako kaua (i kū'ē i ka mea i manao moku ahikao): i nā hua'ōlelo "Energy"ʻikeʻia ma luna o kona kino koke ma mua o ka hōʻeaʻana mai o ke Kuhina Nui.

lako polokalamu hewa

Ka mua Launch o ka lawe rocket "Energy" Ua paʻa May 15, 1987 No ka mea mua mau kekona o ka holo, ma mua o ka moku haʻalele i ka Launch pale, ia mea noticeably manao, akā, laila, ua like kona kulana ma hope o ka'ōnaehana ke kaōhiʻana i ke kohoʻia o ka rocket. Ma hope iho o ia, "Energy" lele ke aloha, pu ma ka hookahi a ua lalapa, a koke nalowale i loko o ka haʻahaʻa ao. Boosters hookaawale pono (koe no keia a me ka mea e hiki mai ana, i holo ka mea, i ole i hoʻolako pono me ka parachute, a makemake ae lākou hou-hoʻohana), a laila, i ka papa kuhikuhi kahua haʻalele i ka ciia o kaʻike pono. Ma hope o ke ahi rocket hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka "laau" a, i? Oaony, ka mea haule i loko o ka Moana Pākīpika.

"Polyus" kaupaona 80 tons, a e hiki ka Astronomical, ka mea, he e hoʻolana i kona iho rocket engine. No keia mea, ua pono ia e ka huli o ka 180, akā, no ka mea, o ka polokalamu hewa ma hope e hoʻomaka ana i ka Module e hoʻomau i ka holo, a me kahi hoʻoneʻe i ka Astronomical ma luna, ka mea, haule iho la ia ma lalo nei. Ukana Module a hekili i loko o ka Moana Pākīpika.

Oka?

ʻOiai ka hoʻomaka '-i a me ka nele, ke Kao lele lako kaua ia iho i ka huina i ka pomaikai. E hana i ka "Buran" wahi hou a me ka pili pau o ka moku ahikao (makaukau e lele, akā, hiki ke paha ke mana no hoʻokahi wale nō ka lā i loko o ka Astronomical) ua, ua i pili ai i ka lua o ka rocket e ho'āla ai i unmanned nuʻukia November 15, 1988. A me ka rocket "Energy" Ua hou e holo pono (me ka loli i loko o ka lako polokalamu i makemake ole ai mea pepehi hene ma ka hoʻomaka 'ana), a me keia manawa kona payload kekahi i ole loaa ole ia, "Buran"' akomi 'pae ma Baikonur, e hali ana i nā' ana e haʻalele a puni ka Honua ekolu hola a me ka iwakalua-kumamalima minuke hope.

Ke'ī mai, i ka hoʻomaka o ka 1989 i ka Soviet Union i ka loa mana rocket, nō ka unsurpassed. Ua hiki holo moku ahikao payload like haawe Amelika orbiters, a ma iho ke alakai i ka haʻahaʻa honua ka Astronomical 88 na tona o ka waiwai, ai ole ia, e haawi aku 32 tona ma ka mahina (like i 118 m + a me ka 45 ka m mai "Saturn V» a me 92, 7 m + a kŰkelŰ 23.5 ka m, mai ka H-1). Ua Ua? Oaony i hou hoʻonui i kēia 'inideka mai i 100 tona, a me ka hana ia ana e hookupaa i ka kūikawā ukana pahu hakuloli kahi o ka "kaupoku". A puu uuku mana o ke Kao lele lako kaua, i kapaia "Energy-M ', a me kekahi engine, a mau boosters i kekahi i loko o ke kahua hope loa o ke? Acaeoey, a ua hiki ke loaa i kekahi payload kaumaha i ka 34 tona.

pipiʻi

Ua lilo ke'opi o ka Soviet Union kekahi kumu nui o ka papahana ole. Pono ia ia i hoʻomaka e kiʻi ma luna o kona mau wawae, akā, i ka pono, e mālama i ka maluhia pono o na superpowers ua nalowale e like me ke dala e pono ai no ka nui-me ka unahiʻoleʻepekema poe mikanele. pilikia kekahi i mea e ua hanaʻia ka "Zenith" boosters ma poe aia i loko o ke aupuni kūʻokoʻa Ukraine.

Naʻe, i mua o ka rocket "Energy" Ua lilo i mea mahaloia lawa - ina ka mea, aohe pono e lele i ka mahina, i ka piʻiʻana aʻe i ka Astronomical 100 tona o ka waiwai i hoʻokali kūpono '. Mākou shuttles no i ka mea i hoʻomohala i loko o ka wahi mua e noho ana i ka ia keakea me ka US makahiki moku ahikao, akā,ʻaʻole i ka rocket i na pono o ka monopoly kulana, e like me ka mea i loko o ka US mua o ka Naita o ka "Challenger" i ka makahiki 1986.

uwe ana o ka manao

Manao NGOs "Energy" hiki ke Hahai I i kona poe i manaoia poe mikanele:

• Ka Astronomical hookomo nunui kukuna ma ka mea e hoihoi i ka'okikene kolu, ahu iho no kekahi mau makahiki.
• Kukulu i ka mahina kumu no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o helium-3 hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kuʻi nukeliu reactors, ? Ac? Ia e ka lahui eiini, a e noho makaukau ma 2050.
• Launch a lilo nukelea wahie i loko o "puʻu" ma ka heliocentric ka Astronomical.

Ma ka hopena ia iho mai i ka ninau o ka mea i hiki ia oe Kao lele lako kaua, i hiki ole e uuku, ho'ēmi spacecraft - kēlā hoʻomaka "Energy" loaʻa 240 miliona $, e like me ka overvalued uku o ka ruble e kū'ē i ke dala ma ka hopena o '80s. Inā i i na OOOXO wale ka wā pono, no ka maʻiʻo o ka mea kanu no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o Kao lele lako kaua makemake e he hana maʻamau ia aole ka Soviet Union aole hoi Rusia hiki ole ke hoʻolimalima hale.

Pyrrhic lanakila

Inā mākou e ae me ka mea wawahi i ka Soviet Union ma ka mua wahi, no ka kālā pilikia ke kumumanaʻo, e hiki no hoi e kupono e olelo aku i ka "Energy-Buran" i kekahi o na kumu nui kumu o keia'opi. Kēia papahana i ka laʻana o ka kipi ke kālā i luku ai i ka Soviet Union, a me ke ano o kona hoomau ola i abstaining mai ka manaʻo o ia mau papahana.

Ma ka kekahi lima, ka mea, e pono e ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka nui poino, kena ae la superpower naoh Mikhail Gorbachev ma ka kālā kahua o ke aupuni, a me ka Soviet Union e hoopaa ia a hiki i ka keia lā, nae ka Politburo ma hope o Konstantin Chernenko alai ae ma kekahi.

hiki kuanaʻike

Ka haʻalele 'ana ae i ka fantastic manao i haiia ae maluna, "Energy" hiki ke hoʻohana no ka paneʻe i loko o ka Astronomical o kekahi a me kekahi mau nui pokole noaioee modules, a makemake laila hoʻopau hale modules auoiaea ma ka hoʻohana' ana i kekahi hui malu pu ana o "Energia-Buran": ma ka hope o ka makahiki 1991, Station " Mir-2 "ua kūkulu hou i hoʻohana 30-tona modules.

No hoi e hiki ke kūkulu i ka liʻiliʻi makau, a makemake ole ke aupuni 'laterally, oiai i loko o ka mua loa o ka rocket.

Glushko ana i ka Soviet kahua polokalamu, e like me ka i hiki mai ai ma mua, e hele aku ma kekahi manawa o ka loli, ua pololei. Oiai ulu ka spacecraft a me ka Launch kaa no kekahi poe mikanele hou ka pono, mōʻaukala hōʻike ia ma hope o kā lākou mau mea i hanaia e ku oe a me ka hou aoao o ka hoʻohana 'ana i ia mau mea. Glushko make iho la o January 10, 1989, emi malalo o elua mahina ma hope o ka "ikehu" o ka lua, a me ka hope mahuka.

"Zenith" nani

A hiki i kēia lā, "Energy"ʻaʻohe mau hope. "Zenith", hoʻohana 'ia e like me kona accelerator - ka makepono boosters o ko ke ao nei (2500-3600 $ no kilogram). I ka makahiki 2010, i ka NGO "Energy" kuai i kaʻana like i loko o ka eiini? "Sea Launch" a me ka manawa kuleana no OOOXO mai ka moana paepae ai, e like me ka Baikonur Cosmodrome ma aneea oneiaey.

RD-170, papahana no ka "Zenith" a me ka "Energy" ua hoi kekahi o ka maikaʻi rocket kiko'ī. Kona hoʻololi 'ia ke kaena i ka South Korean "Naro-1", ke Lūkini lawe rocket "Angara" a me ka Amelika "Mea Maluna Iho o ka V", i ua ole ia wale no? Iie hana, e like me ka hoopakele ana i ke koa "Kyuriositi" a me ka Launch o kaʻimi "New lipolipo" Pluto akā, i ka 'Amelika koa. Ia mea i ka likeʻole ma waena o 1988 a me keia la.