Hikina ─kau Rusia: na'lii, moʻomeheu, mōʻaukala a me ka ulu ana o ka māhele 'āina

E hoʻoholo i ka māhele aupuni hui Rus noho ma waena o Volga a me Oka ma IX-XII kenekulia, ua aponoia moʻolelo i loko i ka manawa "North-hikina Rusia". Ua pili ia i ka aina e moe ana i loko o ka Rostov a me Suzdal, Vladimir. Pili ua i synonymous hua'ōlelo, hōʻikeʻana i ka hui o ka moku'āina hale i loko o kekahi mau makahiki - ". Na Luna Nui Duchy o Vladimir" "Rostov-Suzdal", "Vladimir-Suzdal na'lii," a me ka Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XIII kenekulia Rusia, a i kapaia ka North-East, ma ka mea pohaku e nei - i nā mea i hoʻokumu i ka nui o nā hanana.

Grand makualii Rostov

punawai a pau ekolu o ka na'lii o ka Hikina ─kau Rusia ia aina, hoʻololi ma luna o nā makahiki akā, ke kapikala a me na luna. Ke kūlanakauhale mua e kūkuluʻia i loko o kēia mau wahi e, i Ua Rostov, i loko o ka moʻolelo hoomanao o ia lā hoʻi i 862 BC. e ka. Prior i kona hoʻokumu ohana i noho ai iʻaneʻi Meria, a me nā mea a pau pili i ka Finno-Ugric kanaka. Slavic ohana e like me ke kiʻi i ole i ka uhane, a me ka mea, - krivichi, vyatichi, Ilmen Slovenes - Ua Ua 'Imi panalāʻau mua i ka aina.

Ma hope iho o ke kahua o Rostov, i mea i waena o ka elima nui loa nā kūlanakauhale ma lalo o ka noho aliʻi o ke aliʻi o Kiev, Oleg, olelo ai o Meria, a me na kauhale ua emi paha, eʻikea au i loko o ka moʻolelo. Kekahi manawa Rostov alii iho la oia proteges o ka Kievan aliʻi, akā, i loko o 987 ka na'lii a ua alii iho la oia Yaroslav Mudry - ke keiki a Vladimir, ka luna o Kiev. Me ka 1010-la - Boris. A hiki i 1125, ka wā i ke kapikala i hoolilo mai Rostov i Suzdal na'lii a hala mai ka lima e haawi aku ia i ka luna o Kiev, ka mea, i kona mau luna. Ka loa kaulana Rostov aliʻi - Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky - ua hana i ka hailonaʻana no ka hooulu ana o ka North-hikina Rusia, alakai aku ai i ka pomaikai o keia aina, akā, koke aku i ka hookahi Dolgoruky hoʻoneʻe i ke poʻo a hiki i Suzdal, oia ke a 1149. Akā, ua kūkuluʻia ka mea, he nui nā pā kaua, a me ka ekalesia ma ka kaila o ka mea hookahi serf 'ole me ka ke kaupaonaʻana huliāmahi, ka squat. A lohe o Dolgoruky e hoʻomōhala ana i kākau 'ōlelo, mea noʻeau, a me nā akamai.

Ka ho'oilina Rostov

Rostov kumukuai ua,,ʻano nae nui no ka mōʻaukala o ia mau makahiki. Ma ka moʻolelo o 913-988 makahiki. , he pono ole i kona ' "Rostov aina" - he wahi waiwai ma ka hihiu, akamai, handicrafts, ka lāʻau a me ka pōhaku kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ka 991 o kekahi o ka mea kahiko dioceses ma Rusia - Rostov - Ua hana 'aneʻi mea ole accidental. I ia manawa, i ke kulanakauhale i ka waena o ka na'lii o ka akau-hikina Rusia, alakai aku mālama nui kālepa a me nā noho i loko o Rostov akoakoa mai ana artisans, i haalele ai, gunsmiths ... All Lūkini aliʻi ho'āʻo i ka i efficient kaua. Wahi, o ka oi aku ma ka keʻena mai Kiev aina, hoʻolaha he hou ka manaoio.

Ma hope o ka neʻe ikaika Yuriya Dolgorukogo ma Suzdal Rostov iā Izyaslav Mstislavovich rula, akā, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka aoao o ke kulanakauhale, ua lilo la i mea ole, a me ka ia ka hoʻomaka 'ana i loko o ka moʻolelo e hōʻike' ia'āina pohihihi keia. Center Duchy kekahi hapa keneturia hoololiia i Suzdal.

Ke feudal hanohano kukuluia na wahi i noho ai no lakou iho, oiai na artisans a kauwa u auanei lakou i ka laau pupupu. Lākou mau home hou e like hale ahu, hale 'ikamu i ka hapanui laau. Akā, ma ka ho'āʻia keena Lucin hanau unsurpassed, aahu, luxuries. A pau i ua ikeia, hanau mai la, a pehea e decorate lākou mau hale kiaʻi, hana lima o nā kauwa a me artisans. Wonderful moʻomeheu o ka North-hikina mai Rusia i hanaia ma lalo o ka pili wale laau pupupu.

Rostov-Suzdal

Iloko o ka pōkole wā a hiki i ka piko o ka North-hikina mai Rusia ka mea, ua Suzdal na'lii i, e alii ai maluna o loko o nā mea a pau ekolu o ka luna. Ma waho aʻeo ia ke jure, me kana mau keikikane - cornflowers Yu a me Andrew Yu, inoa kapakapa Bogolyubsky, a laila, ma hope o ka hoolilo ana o ke kulanakauhale alii a hiki i Vladimir (ma 1169) ma Suzdal makahiki alii iho la oia Mstislav Rostislavovich Bezoky, akā, i ke kūlana kūikawā ka mea, pâʻani 'o ia i loko o Lūkini mōʻaukala. nā aliʻi a pau o ka Hikina ─kau Rusia iho mai Rurik, akā,ʻaʻole kela kanaka keia kanaka i ka mea e pono aiʻano o.

Ka hou kapikala o ka na'lii o Rostov ua iki kaikaina a mua haawiia i like Suzhdal. Ua ua manaoio aku no lakou i ke kulanakauhale, loaa ia kona inoa, mai ka hua'ōlelo "hoomaha", a me "kūkulu". Ka manawa mua ma hope o ka ho okumu ana o Suzdal i ka pā hale kākela, a hoomaluia aliʻi kiaaina. I ka makahiki mua o ke kenekulia XII aia no kekahi kūpono 'ana o ke kūlanakauhale, iā ka ulu lohi akā, heʻoiaʻiʻo nō, emi. A ma ka 1125, e like me ua oleloia, o ka Yuri Dolgoruky haʻalele i ka Rostov hookahi nui.

A lohe o Yuri, ka mea uaʻike nuiʻia e like me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o Moscow, he'ē aʻe nui no ka mōʻaukala o Rusia hanana. No laila, ka mea, ua i mai Kiev ka noho alii ana Dolgoruky Hikina ─kau na'lii a lilo kaʻawale ka wa pau ole. A nui kūlana ma keia i pâʻani 'o ia me kekahi o nā keiki kāne a Yuri - Andrew Bogolyubskii i laa patrimony aloha makua kāne a me ka hiki ole hoi i noonoo ai au iaʻu iho me ia.

Ke kaua aku i nā kaukaualiʻi, a me ka maikai o ka mea hou kulanakauhale alii o Rusia

Mea kuka Yuriya Dolgorukogo, i loko o ka mea ana i ike ai i kona mua keiki kāne, nā luna o ka hema aupuni, a me kaikaina - haku o Rostov a me Suzdal, a i ole e hele mai nei. Akā, i ko lākou kūlana mea i loko o kekahi aoao i hiki hou nui. No laila, Andrew kūkala ia iho me he aliʻi akamai a me ka mamao-mau maka aku. Kona wayward ano kahi i pihaʻi me na lala o ka papa o ke aliʻi, akā, 'aneʻi Bogolyubskii kāheaʻia lākou makemake e neʻe maila i ke kapikala mai Suzdal i Vladimir, a laila, i iho Kiev i ka 1169.

Naʻe, ke kapikala o Kievan Rus ole o Laielohelohe i kēia kanaka. Ua lanakila 'o ia nā ke kulanakauhale, a me ka inoa o ka "Luna Duke", aole oia i noho ma Kiev, a kanu hou ia'ku i ka mea i ke alii kiaaina ana o kona kaikaina Gleb. Rostov a me Suzdal, i la no hoi oia i kekahi kūlana nīnūnē liʻiliʻi i loko o ka mōʻaukala o kēlā mau makahiki, e like me ma ia manawa i ke kapikala o ka North-hikina mai Rusia ua Vladimir. Keia kulanakauhale Andrei koho i kona noho i ka 1155, lōʻihi ma mua o ka naʻi aupuni o Kiev. Mai ka hema i ko na'lii, i kona wahi i alii iho la oia no kekahi manawa, lawe maiʻo ia iā Vladimir a me ka ikona o ke Mother o ke Akua o Vyshgorod, a ua loa hoʻonaniʻiaʻo ia.

Ke koho ana o ke kumukuai i Ua loaʻana:, kokoke elua haneri makahiki, i ke kūlanakauhale paʻa i ka lāʻau i loko o Rusia. Rostov a Suzdal ho'āʻo e hoʻi i kona kahiko nui, akā,ʻo Andrei ka make, o kona seniority like me ka Grand Duke i ike i aneane Lūkini aina a pau, koe wale no i ka Chernigov a me Galic ma hope, ka mea, i ole holomua.

infighting

Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Andreya Bogolyubskogo Suzdal a me Rostov E'ōlelo akuʻoe i nā mamo a Rostislav Yurevich - Yaropolk a me Mstislav - ma ka manaolana e, e hoʻi i ko lakou alii kulanakauhale i kona kahiko nani, akā, no ka lōʻihi-kali unification o ka North-hikina mai Rusia i ole e hele mai.

Vladimir alii iho la oia kaikaina keiki Yuriya Dolgorukogo - Mikhalkov a me Vsevolod. Ma ka manawa o ka hou kapikala ua nunui hooikaika kona manaʻo nui. Andrew i hana i kekahi hana nui e hana: ana nui kekahi e kukulu, oiai i kūkuluʻia kona noho aliʻiʻana i ka Hale Pule Nui kaulana o ka mea mahuʻi,ʻo iaʻo imi hoʻokumu o ka hookaawale archdiocese i loko o kona na'lii no a kaawale mai ka Kiev.

North-Hawaiian Rusia i ka noho alii ana o Bogolyubsky lilo i ka piko o ka unification o Lūkini aina, a ma hope i ka nucleus o ka nui Lūkini moku'āina. Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Andrew o Smolensk, a Ryazan na luna Mstislav a me Jaropolk - na mamo a kekahi o nā keiki kāne a Dolgoruky Rostislav ho'āʻo e hopu ka mana i loko o Vladimir, akā, i ko lākou mau mākua kāne Michael a me Vsevolod, he ikaika. Eia hou, i kokuaia e ka Prince Chernigovskiy Svyatoslav ka mea, Vsevolodovich. Kanawai kaua ana oi ma mua o ekolu makahiki, ma hope a Vladimir paʻa ai i ke kūlana o ke kulanakauhale nui, o ka akau-hikina o Rusia, haʻalele, a me Suzdal, Rostov a me ka hooilina subordinate aupuni.

Mai Kiev i Moscow

aina Akau-hikina o Rusia he ma ka manawa o ka hailonaʻana o nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale. No laila, i hoʻokumu i ka hou kapikala i loko o 990 na Vladimirom Svyatoslavovichem e like me Vladimir-ma-Klyazma. ka iwakālua o ka makahiki ma hope o kekahi mau kona hoʻokumuʻo, i ke kulanakauhale, hapa o ka Rostov-Suzdal na'lii, i ole i ka nui o ka uku hoopanee i waena o nā aliʻi alii (i ka 1108). I keia manawa, ka mea i i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i o kekahi aliʻi - Vladimir Monomakh. He Ua hookoia i ke kulanakauhale i ke kūlana o ka kūmole wahi o ka North-Hawaiian Rusia.

Ka mea i keia mea uuku kulanakauhale, e ho'ōla lilo i ke kulanakauhale nui, o na aina Lūkini, hiki ole hāpai i kekahi. Ua i nui oi makahiki ma mua Andrew unuhi ae la oia i kona noonoo ana ia mea, a ua neʻe akula i ke kapikala o kona na'lii, a e ia e ai, kokoke elua haneri makahiki.

Mai laila, ke Grand Duke o Vladimir hoomaka ae la e hoonui mau loa ia, aole i Kiev, ke kapikala kahiko o Rusia Ua lilo kona kī a Mānoa, akā, ua i nalowale i waena o nā aliʻi i loko o ka uku hoopanee ia. Hoʻoponopono i Kiev no ka hanohano hoʻonaniʻia kēlā me kēia. Akā, mai ka waena mai o ka XIV kenekulia hookahi no na outskirts o ke kulanakauhale o Vladimir-Suzdal na'lii a - Moscow - lohi akā, heʻoiaʻiʻo nō, hoomaka ae la e ala. Vladimir ia me i ka manawa Rostov a me Suzdal, a laila, - e lilo kona keiki. He pilina i kekahi puu, e neʻe i ke keʻokeʻo-pohaku o Kauhalenui Petero i ka 1328. Luna o ka Hikina ─kau Rusia kaua mawaena o lakou iho, a me ka Moscow, a Tver me na'lii i hana aku ai ko lakou mau pono, e lanakila Vladimir pomaikai o ke kumu nui kulanakauhale o na aina Lūkini.

I ka pau ana o ka XIV kenekulia i koho ia e ka mea i ka i nā mea nona i ke kuleana e e kapaia Grand Duke o Moscow, no laila, Moscow ia Morohiha maluna o na kulanakauhale e ae lilo'ē aʻe. Grand Duke Vladimir Dmitry Donskoy hope pūlikiʻia i ka inoa, ma hope o ka luna o Rusia a pau i hoonui mau loa ia Grand Duke o Moscow. Pela i pau ai i ke kūpono 'ana o ka North-hikina mai Rusia me he kuokoa, a hiki overriding ka na'lii.

Palaoa hookahi ikaika na'lii a

Ma hope o neʻe i Moscow Kauhalenui Vladimir na'lii i mokuahana. Vladimir Suzdal aliʻi haawi Alexander, i Veliky Novgorod a me Kostroma ma lalo o kona malu i ka Haku o Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Yury Dolgoruky nō makemake ia? I ka hui ana o ka North-Hawaiian Rusia me Novgorod ka Nui - i ka hopena, ka mea i hana ai, akā,ʻaʻole no ka lōʻihi.

Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Suzdal Prince Alexander Vasilyevich i ka 1331, i kona'āina i hele ai i nā aliʻi o Moscow. A me ka 10 makahiki ma hope, i ka 1341-ka m, i ka mokuna o ka mea kahiko North-hikina Rusia i hou redistribution: Nizhny Novgorod hele aku i Suzdal like Gorodets, Vladimir ke na'lii i mau koe ma hope o ka Moscow luna, ka mea ma ia manawa, e like me ua oleloia, kekahi i komo Great inoa. Pela i ala ae la ka Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal na'lii.

Trekking i loko o nā aliʻi North-East Rus, mai ka hema a me ka waena konu o ka aina, i ko lakou militancy, ka pilina iki a hiki i ke kūpono 'ana o ka moʻomeheu a me nā kilokilo ana. Akā, mai'ō a'ō, e kūkulu hou luakini ma ka manao a hoʻohana i nā mea maikaʻi 'ana i kūpono o nā mea noʻeau, a me nā akamai. Ua hana ka lahui kula o ikona pena me ke ano o ka manawa me ka'ālohilohi lei e nani ai, hui me ka Byzantine pena.

Land-'ālunu Russian Mongols

He nui maikaʻiʻole nō ia kanaka o Rusia i lawe mai na kaua, a ua kaua mawaena o lakou iho alii o ka manawa, akā, pilikia nui weliweli hele mai i ka Mongols ma Pepeluali 1238. I ka pau ana o ka North-hikina mai Rusia (kulanakauhale o Rostov, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Tver) Uaʻaʻole pono devastated - la Ua aneane ke ahi ma ka honua. I ka poe koa o Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich i wawahi ai i ka paukū Temnik Burundi, ka luna i make ai, a me kona kaikaina Yaroslav Vsevolod i puʻe wale e waiho ai i nā mea a pau i ka iā Goga. Mongol-Tatars wale formally ike aku la ia ia e like me ka mea kahiko o nā mea a pau i ka Lūkini aliʻi, ma ka mea, a pau lakou i refueled. Nā poʻo aiʻulupā Rusia wale e hoʻokele i ola i ka Great Novgorod.

I ka 1259, Alexander Nevsky i kekahi huina ma Novgorod, ua ulu i kou akamai o ke Aupuni, a ma kela hiki ala e hooikaika kona wahi. Ekolu makahiki ma hope, ma Yaroslavl, Rostov, Suzdal Pereyaslavl a me Vladimir i make auhau Waihona Noʻeau, hou mai la i kekahi standstill ka North-hikina mai Rusia ma anticipation o ke kaua a me ka luku aku. Kēia punitive ana i käpae '- Alexander Nevsky kino hele aku la i ka iā Goga, a e hoʻokele i ka pilikia nō, akā, make iho la ma ke ala hoʻi. Ua hiki i ka 1263. Wale i kona poe koa e hoʻokele e malama i kekahi pono Vladimir na'lii a ma hope o ka make ana o Alexander, e wawahi mai i kuokoa fiefdoms.

Kū'ē lula mai Rusia ma lalo o kaʻauamo o ke Tatars, me ka hou o ka mea noʻeau, a me ka moʻomeheu ulu

Scary he hana i makahiki ... Ma ka kekahi lima - ke kaua o ka Akau-hikina Rusia, ma ka 'ē aʻe - he mea e hoomau ana clashes i koena ko na'lii, no ka'āina hoʻoili o ka hou aina. Waiho wale aku no a pau: a me na luna, a me ko lakou mau makaainana. Liberation mai ka Mongol ali wale mai i ka 1362. Russian-Lituania pūʻali koa ma lalo o ka noho luna ana o ke Duke Algirdas luku i ka Tatars, pau ka a pau kēia mau kaua nomads mai ka Vladimir-Suzdal, Muscovy, Pskov māhele 'āina a me ka Novgorod māhele' āina.

Nā makahiki hoolilo ia ma lalo o kaʻauamo o kaʻenemi, ua disastrous hopena: ua hele mai ai i ka piha standstill ka moʻomeheu o ka North-Hawaiian Rusia. Ka hiolo ana o ke kūlanakauhale, i ka make ana o ka ekalesia, i ka make ana o kekahi hapa nui o ka heluna kanaka, a, me ka a no - lilo ana o kekahi mau ano o ke akamai. Ma elua a me ka hapa kenekulia, papani iho la i ka moʻomeheu a me ka kalepa? Acaeoey o ka moku'āina. He nui kia hoʻomanaʻo i ka laau a me ka pohaku kuhikuhipuʻuone i make i loko o ke ahi, a ua i loko o ka iā Goga. he nui o nā 'ana i kūpono a kūkulu i ua nalowale, slesarstva a me nā akamai. He nui i kākau moʻolelo i nalowale me ka kumumea,ʻoihana aliʻi, a me nā mea noʻeau, akamai, pena i hele mai i ka piha standstill. Ua iʻaneʻane kekahi hapa keneturia, e loaa i ka wahi i mea hiki ke hoola. Akā, me ka hooulu ana o ka hou ano o ka hana i hele wikiwiki.

People ka devastated aina e hoʻokele e malama i kona kū hoʻokahi aupuni paha, ka 'a me ke aloha i ka nohona kahiko. Ma kekahi aoao, i nā makahiki ke kaumaha ma muli o ka Tatars poe i ke kumu o ka hou no Rusia laha 'o ka pili nō.

Ke kuikahi o ka ulu a me ka aina

Ma hope o liberation mai o ka auamo o ka oi Lūkini luna i hele mai i ka ole no ia i ka olelo hooholo, a koi i ka hui ana o ko lakou hooilina a pau i loko o ka hoʻokahi moku'āina. hoomaka-oaio? a o ka rebirth a me ke ku okoa ana a me ka Russian moʻomeheu i Novgorod a me Pskov aina. Ua ua iʻaneʻi i i moni loa, mai ka aoao hema a me ka Central wahi o ka hana-makahiki heluna kanaka, e lawe mai ana me ia i ka mooolelo kahiko o ko lākou moʻomeheu, palapala, kuhikuhipuʻuone. O ka nui i loko o ka unification o Lūkini aina, a me ka hou o ka moʻomeheu i Ua i ka hopena o ka Moscow na'lii, a he nui kona no na palapala o ke kahiko, puke, nō.

Ke kukulu ana o na kulanakauhale a me ka luakini, a me ka pakaua. Tver ua paha i ke kulanakauhale mua ma ka akau-hikina Rusia, kahi pōhaku kūkulu, i lilo ai. Mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hana o ka ekalesia o ka hoopahaohaoia'na i loko o ke kaila o Vladimir-Suzdal kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ma kēlā me kēia kūlanakauhale, a me nā kūlana pale hale i kukulu ekalesia a me monasteries o ka mea e ola ai ma hookaheia'ku yl, o Petero a me Paulo i loko o ka hanaili, Basil ma ka Hill ma Pskov Epiphany ma Zapskove, a he nui na mea e ae. Mōʻaukala o ka akau-hikina Rusia i lewa, a hoomau iho la oia i loko o kēia mau hale.

Pena, pohala Feofan Grek, Daniil Cherny a me Andrei Rublev - ke kaulana Lūkini ikona pena. Ke Kumu jeweler ka recreate ka nalowale kea laa, he nui artisans hana ma luna o ka hoihoi hou ia ana o ke akamai o e pili ana na hale 'ikamu, Jewelry, aahu. Nui o na makahiki a pau, i hiki mai ai i ko makou mau lā.