'Amelika economist Paul Samuelson: walaʻauʻana manaʻo, waiwai kumumanaʻo a me Kawaihae

Paul Samuelson, ka Nobel makana i i i hookoia ma ka makahiki 1970, 'aʻole i makehewa manaoia e e ka economist o nā mea a pau manawa. A nui loa i waena o kona mau piʻi like lakou ike maopopo ana i ka pono kīvila kanaka theories a me nā loina oʻaneʻane a pau pauku o ka hoʻokele waiwai: ka kumumanaʻo o ka-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, kūwaho hoʻi kalepa, kālā Ka Ikepili, eaieoaeuiue kumumanaʻo, a-yeiiiie? Ulu, ka mōʻaukala o oicyenoaaiiie manao, macroeconomics. Mākou e kaumaha oe no ka ike i na mea i hookiekieia haumana me Paul Samuelson. Ideas, komo hōʻike no kona papa e piʻi like e e hōʻike i loko o kēia 'atikala. Kona palapala naʻauao e heluhelu a me ka reread a hiki i kēia manawa.

Ka mua 'atikala Samuelson

Aneiai pähola 'o Paul Samuelson ii aku ai ma kona mau puke a me nā' atikala. Ka mua 'atikala o ke nä känaka' epekema kākau ai ma ka makahiki o ka 23 makahiki, i ka 1938. Ua kapaia "Notes ma ka kumumanaʻo maemae o consumer hana." Iloko o ka hanaia'na o ka 'atikala Samuelson aʻo ma ka puka kula. He hōʻike i ke koi hālawa, ikeia Ka Ikepili kila, hiki ke loko mai o na kāu mau koho, a i "loaa" i ke aloha i ua hapa o ke kūʻai, no ka mea, aole mea i ka manawa kūpono e malama i ka market, oiai, aole io i ka palaka curves a me ka marginal auoiauo kumumanaʻo .

ka papa kuhikuhi 'atikala

I ka 1939, Samuelson ka 'atikala "AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka multiplier, a me ka accelerator," ka mea, ua hoikeia i ina e hookui aku i loaa ka manao kumumanaʻo (Keynesian) kumu hoʻohālike o ka accelerator waiwai kūʻai, kiʻi i ka mea akā, piha ho'ākāka o ke kumu o ka hoʻokele waiwai ua lawe houʻike piʻi pāʻoihana pōʻaiapuni. I ka 1948, ua paʻi i ka 'atikala "International kuai ...', i makana hōʻike e oki i nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē o nā kākoʻo o noa kalepa, ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu, e i keia. Economists ma ke ala hookahi loaa nui na makahiki aku nei i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kekahi mau huahana ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka makekeʻano papa hana mea ineffective, e like me ka pomaikai i laweʻia e ia, i loaʻa ai i nā mea a pau, no laila i kekahi mea hoihoi i ka uku no ia. Eia naʻe, Samuelson wale nō i loko o ka 'atikala ma hope mai "Pure pähola' o ka lehulehu dala" hoʻolako i ka rigorous scientific ka wehewehena o nā 'ano a me ka waiwai o kēia lehulehu waiwai.

Ka ia hoʻi ka

Samuelson kokua i ka 1941 ma Harvard University, he maikaʻi loa doctoral ia hoʻi. Naʻe, ka mea hana ia i paʻi a hiki i 1947. Ua kapaia o "kumu o Economic Kńlailai". 'O kēia kekahi koe aku i loko o ka naauao o ka hoʻokele waiwai e hiki ke fruitfully makaikai i kekahi waiwai ana. No keia mea, he mea pono e hookokoke mai kona noonoo me he maximization pilikia, a ua Wehewehe i nā hāʻina ma ka mea o integral a me ka palena pau calculus. Samuelson ua kālaiʻia i ka ai-kapaia palapala rula. E like me ia, i ke ana helu Ka Ikepili o ka equilibria hiki ole e 'oluʻolu hualoaʻa, ina he mea ole hooiaio ana o ka AYEIE kiʻekiʻe o ke kumupaʻa. Hope o ia hoʻi, inessential haiahū kūmau mai equilibrium aiee o kekahi mau aiaiiuo i ka hoʻoponopono-? Ee. Kēia hoʻomanaʻo Ua hoʻomaka ka papa pono o kānakaʻepekema i ka aneiaiʻano, e like me ia i ke ao ana o kala, i i malama ia ma ka politika-equilibrium ana.

Main buke Samuelson

A pau o ka mea ma luna o ka loa kilakila, akā, he hana i nā mea a pau kū i ke nä känaka 'epekema' Amelika. I ka 1948 puke "? Aneia iainiiaaiea" Ua kau (Paul Samuelson, William Nordhaus) no ka introductoryʻilikai. Ua Ua hoʻouna 'ana i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole Samuelson "45-ka papahelu Keynesian kea", a haawi i ka wehewehena o ka aina makahiki. Kēia hana mea hou i hana muaʻole pâʻani 'o ia i ke kūlana kī ma ke kūkākūkā o ia mau mea me Keynesianism, i loko o nā makahiki ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. I ka 1958, Samuelson ua hana i kekahi puke noa i ka ' "laina iaaiey a oicyenoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe." Ua Ua Makeke-palapala me Robert Solow a me Robert Dorfman. pâʻani 'o ia kēia puke he kūlana loa nui i loko o ke kūkākūkā o ki ina hana like o ka makemakika kaʻoi loa, hoʻomohala i ke kaua. Ka hooulu ana o ka makemakika kaʻoi loa iloko i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka Keynesian? Aneia iainiiaaiea. Kēia puke uaʻaʻole pono he puke hope kona kākau e hoʻokele i ka hui pu iho i loko o kekahi a pau pähola 'o oicyenoaaiiie ulu, laina iaaiey a me ka pähola' ana o kala, oa ka nīnūnē e kamaʻilio aku iā ia i loko o hoʻokaʻawale.

Paul Samuelson: Kawaihae

I ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema i hānau i loko o Indiana (Gary City) i ka 1915. I ka makahiki o ka umikumamaono ia i komo i ke Kulanui o Chicago. Samuelson loaa ka papahelu o ka haku o mai o Harvard University, ia ia i ua ole nae he iwakalua. A ma ka 26, oia ua ua he kauka o ka kālaiʻike. Kappa Samuelson lanakila 'o David A. Wells, aka e Harvard University. Alaila, hoomaka ae la oia e hana e like me ka lecturer i ka Hawaii Institute o Technology. Ma hope o 6 makahiki, Samuelson Ua lilo i ka piha Kumu. Ma keia kula,ʻo ia hana a pau kona ola, a hiki i kona hoʻomaha, paʻa i loko o ka makahiki 1986.

Ma hope o ka loaa ana i ka Nobel uku Samuelson kona mau paʻi puke lehulehu hoomau iho la oia i ka hōʻike ma ka puka. Ka mea, hoopa iho la i keʻano o nā kumuhana apau loa, a me e pono ai nenoaiu o ka lawelawe mālama ola, a me ka hana kumumanaʻo o ka hana e like me ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i loko o ka hana o ka Marxists. Mai ka hapalua like-1970s, a ma hope Samuelson ka 'atikala e pili ana i ka "equalization o ololi kala," hoʻolaʻa i ka lahui kalepa, maopopo hōʻike ua noa kalepa ma waena o kekahi mau aina e kōkua e emi i ka oko ao ma waena o loaa mai kapikala a me ka hana i loko o ia mau'āina.

Me ka pili ana i kino ola, Samuelson ua 4 keiki kāne a me 2 kaikamahine, mai kana wahine mua. He Mare no ka lua o ka manawa i ka 1981. I loko nō kona mau makahiki, ai ka hope o nä känaka 'epekema o kona mare ana, noho no lakou ao ana ma Harvard, e like me imi i ka Pekelala Reserve, a me ka' Amelika aupuni.

Samuelson make December 13, 2009 ma hope o ka manawa pōkole maʻi. Pela, ua ola ia i 94 makahiki. Kona lehulehu i ka make ana o ke kaomi hana o ka Institute o Technology.

Waiwai pio: a me ka hoʻolilo 'ia'

Paul Samuelson o ka haumāna haʻawina kālā o na hoʻolilo 'ia', e like me ka mea nāna o ka helu o honorary pôhili. I ka makahiki 1947,ʻo ia i kumu kāki i ke John. B. Clark, a i ka mea mua i loko o kēia moʻo. Keia makana ua kumu kāki i opiopioʻepekema (mai i ka 40 makahiki) no kona e piʻi like i loko o ke kula o ka 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai. I ka 1953, Samuelson lilo pelekikena o ka Econometric Society, a laila, i ka 1961, a me ka American Economic Ahahui. I ka wā mai ka 1965 po1968 makahiki Paul Samuelson kekahi poai puni i ka International Economic Ahahui. Ke nä känaka 'epekema ua Albert Einstein kâlâ keʻokeʻo i ka makahiki 1970. A laila, ua lanakila 'o ka Nobel uku. Samuelson i kona makana i ka hoʻokele waiwai.

State ha awina

Samuelson ua he kuhikuhi i na aupuni keʻena ma lalo nei, i waena o lākou -, Ka Waihona, ka Office no ka oihana koa hana, o ka Federal Reserve, Buro o Bedroom, etc. I hou, oia ua he mau kumu aʻoaʻo, a hiki i ka US Peresidena John F. Kennedy. Pol Entoni Samuelson kakau iho la oia i ka hoike o ka a hoc pae, a i kakau ai i ka pelekikena. No ka mea, he nui na makahiki i kēia ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao e like M. Friedman, ua he maʻamau hui kōkoʻolua i ka periodical Newsweek. I ka 5 manoanoa puke i ohi ia ma o kona koho 'ia' atikala. Hana i kapaia "Ahaolelo o ka 'epekema hana" a i paʻiʻia ma ka 1966.

Palapala, ai 'kaila Samuelson

E noke i ka palapala, ai 'kaila o ke nä känaka' epekema ua wehewehe aku ma ka biting irony a me ka hoʻowahāwahā maila no maula mortals. I ka Ia manawa ka mea, mai ka hoʻomaopop 'ana i ka welelau o ia a me ka kiko'ī hōʻike o nā manaʻo a pau i nā mea a pau kumu hanau. E like me kekahi o ka loa prolific economists o nā mea a pau manawa (i loko o 45 makahiki, ke nä känaka 'epekema i hana mai i ka awelika o ka hoʻokahi' atikala kēlā me kēia mahina), lilo 'o ia i kekahi o ka loa holomua kākau i pili i ka lehulehu ākea o ka lakou mau hana. Ka puke, a hana i ka Paul Anthony Samuelson ( "hoʻokele waiwai"), no ka laʻana, ola no ka oi ma mua o nā kakini paʻi puke. He Ua hoolilo ia ma ka liʻiliʻi 12 'ōlelo a pau. Kēia hana i ua kūʻaiʻia i loko o kekahi mau Hawaii i loko o ka nui o ka oi ma mua o 4 miliona kope.

A maoli nō nā hanana launaʻole ma luna o ka mōʻaukala o ka 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai! Ua palapalaia iloko o ko kakou aina ia i hookuu, o ka papa, ke aliiwahine hoololi a me ka ideologicalʻoki.

No ke aha la e ka "hoʻokele waiwai" Ua lilo no laila, mahalo?

Nā economists Ua, waiho wale aku no na makahiki no o ka nele o ka hui ma waena o nā macroeconomics hou (Keynesian) a me ka elemakule microeconomics (neoclassical). Eia naʻe, Samuelson pukeʻo ia i hana koi ana i "neoclassical hoʻololi kemikala." Pilikia a me ka hana, e like me ia, noi aku piʻiʻana i loko o ka neoclassical kumumanaʻo o Keynesianism. Akā, mua, e hiki ke haawi aku hoʻi i ka opu o ka mana ma hope o ka piha hana ua hiki.

Kēia iaia o ke ki i ka hoʻomaopopo i ka kokololio pomaikai o ka buke, i mea i hanaia e Paul Samuelson ( "hoʻokele waiwai '"). Kekahi o ka loa hana hoihoi hiʻona o ka mea, (ma ke alanui, he hāpana nui o ke akamai o ke pai ana, e like me ka mea mua puke haʻawina ma aneiai kumumanaʻo, i ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā pōpō pakuhi) o ka hoʻokahi ana a holomua a paʻi e hoʻokele e noonoo i ka waiwai pono o ka lehulehu, loli no manawa. Au i ole i i manawa e Kû ke i ka pau ana o ka hou topical pukana, e like me ka mea i koke lewa i loko o ka hope paiia o " 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai."

Ka ike ole ia o ka nui keiki Samuelson

Paul Samuelson, ka mea kaulana "lokomaikai hoi o ka" manao (i loko o ke ano Amelika o ka hua'ōlelo), e ho'āʻo e mālama i ke gula 'O ia hoʻi i loko o ka loa nui kēia, e like me ka bureaucracy a me ke kuai, ina he lehulehu a me ka paulele i ka hoʻomana, a me ka monetarism Keynesianism. He loa la ia i loko o kona hana ana i ka loa ideological nā kūlana hana. Penei, Paul Samuelson mea he maikaʻi hoʻohālike, ka hoʻokele waiwai nä känaka 'epekema i hahai ma hope pilikino E pili kikowaena wale. 'O kēia kekahi o nā kumu no ka nui pilikino keiki o ka economist.

Poe enemi, a admirers

Ma Samuelson i ole he wahi lihi iki o ka poe enemi. A o ka poe mea i kapaʻia e kona waiwai a me ka 'imi naʻauao equilibrists Paganini. Akā, he nui kânaka o keia nä känaka 'epekema noonoo ia ia i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka papa kuhikuhi o nā papa' epekema i loko o mākou manawa. Ka mea, e mai kānalua, e ao aku i "Samuelson au" kia-kaua manawa i loko o ka ulu ana o keia 'epekema.