Mossbauer hookoia: i ke kanawai o ka loaʻa a me kona manaʻo nui

Ka 'atikala i mea kamaʻilio e pili ana i mea o ka Mossbauer kanawai. Kekahi hōʻike manaÿo e like me quantum ikehu pae ma ka'Ātoma a me ka'ātoma nucleus, paa a me ka like quasiparticle malaila.

makemakika leʻaleʻa

A Ua Hopu ma ke kālaikūlohea i mai ai i loko o kaʻumi makahiki mua o ka iwakalua kenekulia, nä känaka 'epekema koi ike nui i ka makemakika. Ua nui discoveries ua, ua haalele iho, no laila, e'ōlelo aku, ma ka maka o ka peni: i mua ka mea, i mau hōʻailona i theoretically, a laila, loaʻa ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa.

No ka laʻana, i ke ola ana o gravitational hawewe wānana e Einstein i ka 1910, ua hiki ke hōʻoia experimentally wale i ka 2016. Ka hoʻokuʻi pū o nā neutron hoku i hana tremors makahiki i ano honua kahi ke kālaikūlohea hopu a paa ma ka wehe i ke au o gravitational ana i loko o ka 'epekema o ka manaʻo kanaka. He mea känalua 'umekaumaha i oleloiaʻaneʻi: o no ia mau haʻawina o ka Mossbauer hopena waiwai. Akā, i kēia mea i ke koe ma mua o ka noho alii ana. Loa pinepine, theorists a me experimenters pani ma luna o kēlā nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae, hoʻokahi study haawi ala i ka pono no kona makemakika ano, a me ka adverse hopena lilo i ka mea mahuʻi o ka hou,ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā mau panalaau. Mössbauer hopena i kekahi o ia mauʻike manaʻo. Oia "ʻaoʻao" kŰia ka mea mahuʻi, a me ka Max Planck hoikeia ma ka hope o 1900. Ua olelo mai la ia i loko o ke ao nei o electrons a me'ātoma nuclei, a pau mea hiki wale lawe discrete cia, i mea quantized. A, i loko o kona mau manao, ka mea, ua pono i ka makemakika liana, a i helu ana maʻalahi. A hiki i ka pau ana o kona olaʻana, ua manaoio aku i ka quantum, a me ka mea liilii loa e hiki hapa o, no kekahi laʻana, malamalama - wale ala kupono e hōʻike,ʻaʻole e hali ana i ka nui physical pono.

Ka quantum honua

Eia naʻe, 'ē aʻe haumana hoihoi i loko o ka kūpono hōʻikeʻano o ka mea e hanaia ma ka pālākiō o nā'ātoma, noʻonoʻo i ka Loaʻaʻia o ia i ka hopena, a lawe ia no ia i na mea a pau i quantized. Nā electrons a puni ka nucleus i wale nō ia ma luna o kekahi mau orbits nuclei ia lakou iho hiki wale i kekahi ikehu pae. Skipping therebetween, nuclei paha gamma kukuna. Mossbauer hookoia hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka hana e paka i ke ano o ka hoʻi, akā, i kēia 'ole e hana. Ma mau, a pau na mea e wehewehe i ka hana o ka nanoworld e malama i ka quantization - i mea discrete. Akā, mai hoʻopoina i ka momentum i loko o ka macrocosm ua hoikeia like me ka huina hoonui o ka uku o ka nuipa i kula haʻahaʻaa (particles) ka mea fundamentally okoa, a 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea, he, mea quantized. No laila, ua 'epekema hoike ma i ka pono ai ka noho mau papa moku loko o kona haʻilula kaulana i ka paka me ka waiwai o ka h, a me ka palena haʻahaʻa hookoia, wehe aʻela ia i ke au hou. Kēia i ke au o quantum ke kālaikūlohea. Mossbauer hookoia, ka hoohalike ana, a i hope haawiia mai a hiki i keia kŰia, ua lilo kekahi o ka loa nui milestones o ka 'epekema o ka iwakalua kenekulia.

I ka loaʻa mai o ka Mössbauer hookoia

E like me mākou i kaulana ma luna, i kaʻimi naʻauao hopena a hele aku la ka lima i loko o ka lima me ka hoʻokolohua. Kekahi mea hiki hopena a hoao iho la ia ma luna o nā mea kanu ohi literally "ma ka iho" a me ka mai o ka hamoʻia mea. ʻepekema, ua i hiki no ka hōʻike 'ole wale i ka haʻilula, akā, i sila i ka alabata, okioki i ka papa, e hana me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a hōʻiliʻili i ka mea hoʻonoho. O ka holo ana, ke poʻo o nā keʻena hoʻokolohua wale hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo no ka i ka hopena o ko lākou mau papa. Eia naʻe, kēlā experimenter ua i ka lunaʻenehana, e like me ka manao maalea i papahana no kekahi hana, a me ka pololei ma ka noiʻi kaʻina. Au ua i koe, a me ka Mossbauer kanawai. Wehe ia makemake e lawe wahi ina he paʻakikī doctoral Rudolf Mossbauer ole hoʻololi i ke ano o ke ana i ke anuanu maila pa alima, kahi o ka paio hahana maoli nō ia, e like me ka manao ma ka luna o nā haʻawina.

paa

Ke kumumanaʻo, a mākou e haʻi aku i ka poʻe heluhelu i loko o keia pauku, e mea ike i mua kilohi. Eia naʻe, e like me ka ua 'ike nui, oluolu i ka manawa a loaʻa iā ia nā mea hiki ole ana. A no laila mākou e e hiki ke hai mai i na mea olelo i ka mea a ka Mossbauer kanawai no Dummies literally, koke hana i ke keʻena hoʻokolohua holoʻokoʻa.

Ma lalo o ka paa ua ana ke ano o ka waiwai i loko o ka mea pōaka moku'āina. Nā nuclei o nā'ātoma ma keia hihia i hana i ka ikaika papa'āweʻaweʻa kemikaʻolu, akā, na electrons i ka loli iki ana degere ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo. O ka holo ana, hiki ke hooheheeia nā pōaka i hanaʻia loa kekahi mea hao hoopaa ma i ka nucleus nei like e hookaawale mai generalized electrons. Ka huina'ine ao ola ma kona kuokoa kānāwai,ʻaʻole uku nānā i ka hana o ke aniani puka olu oia. ʻO nā pōaka i haawi aku ai ia oi kahiko ionic a me ka covalent mea paa, i ka electrons hou pili loa me "ko lakou" nuclei pili. Akā, ma laila ka mea, ua noa i ka neʻeʻana ma waena o kokoke aka wahi ma mua i loko o ke kinoea a wai.

Paa i ka waiwai,ʻaʻole wale ka Nine Inch hehee wale i mea i loko o ia mau mea, akā, i ka symmetry o ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o nā'ātoma pili i kekahi i kekahi. Ma ka Classic kŰia o ka kalapona 'ole paha ke palupalu graphite, a me ka mea' ē aʻe - ka hardest maoli nā - daimana. No laila, ka 'ano o ka pilina, a me symmetry o ka mokuna aeea ana paha o ka hailonaʻana no kaʻoʻoleʻa kino. Nā waiwai o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa, a ia mea i ka hōʻike 'ia' ana o ka mea a ka Mossbauer kanawai. Ua wehewehe kona ano like penei: a pau o na nā'ātoma i loko o ka paa i pili.

like quasiparticles

Ano, ke manao he pono nui ekolu-dimensional puka olu oia. No ka mea hoohalike loa e pono paʻakai: Na a Cl e aia i loko o ka vertices o na polū, kekahi ma hope o kekahi. Inā somehow Haiʻina mai kekahi'Ātoma, a huki aku la ia ia e uhai i ka kohu pono wahi o ke kaulike, ke aloha i kekahi i lawaʻoʻoleʻa pilina, ma hope o ka mea, huki i ke kokoke nā'ātoma. Helu hōʻike i ka loli o ke kulana o ka Kora naʻEsau i ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i kekahiʻiʻo hopena ma luna o nā hoalauna o ke kolu o ka mea. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi ia ina ka "Haiʻina mai" paʻakai, hahai huki kokoke chlorine nā'ātoma, paʻakai nā'ātoma hahai ana ia ia i kekahi outermost ahu iho la ka chlorine. I ka hopena o keia mea paha ia e waiho loihi ana ia ma nā mea a pau kuhikuhi. Ua ua hookuu mai la oia i ka ha-mea perturbation hoalauna i negligible. Eia naʻe, ka mea, i ole 'Aʻohe.

Nolaila, ina somehow "kikeke" aniani ikaika (, e hoouna e laʻa me ia i kekahi kukuna a me ka huina'ine mea nana i ulana), ke aniani puka olu oia e "nalu". Oia like ana ka wā nui kokoke nā'ātoma i loko o ke aniani ka poʻe hoʻololi haha aku, e laʻa me, mai paha ia, kahea mai phonons. Available e wehewehe i ka mea a ka Mossbauer kanawai no dummies, mākou e e hele aku i loko o lāliʻi a me ka pololei hai aku oe i ka mea i loaʻa i nā phonons e hele like kula haʻahaʻaa (particles). No ka laʻana, kā lākou ikehu mea quantized, ka mea noho ma ke kōā momentum, a ua hiki i ka pāʻani aku i kekahi i kekahi. Pela, ua kapaia na phonons like quasiparticles. ua hāʻawiʻia lākou helu a me ka pono o ka paa kino he 'ole i loko o i ka mea ana. Ho omaulia mea hiki ia, e ike ana i ka nui, symmetry a me ke ano o nā'ātoma o ka pa alima aeea. Ma ka hanana o ke phonon no hoi lakou aloha ia i ka lōʻihi, a 'ano o nā mea paʻa ma waena o nā Ion i loko o ke aniani puka olu oia.

koa a kumumanaʻo

No paa hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo no ka kona electrons a pau, a me na orbitals (a aku lākou ikehu) E e generalized no hoi. Mua, ua pono hoomanao i na electrons no a hiki i keia papa o (particles) kapa fermions. Fermi, Dirac a me Pauli pu i loaʻa i loko o kekahi moku'āina e ia i loko o ka'ōnaehana, wale i kekahi ka huna. Inā mākou e hoʻi ai i ka hana o ka paʻakai, kēlā aniani, a mākou i pīpī ai a me ka ai, ec he mea hiki ole ke dala o ka paʻakai, a koloriside Ion. A i kēlā no ia i ka hookahi helu o electrons, i ka ao ka ma'ālike orbits. Pehea la e hiki ai ia ia? A paa hele mai mai o ke kahua like penei: o ka ikaika o kela a me keia huina'ine orbiting a puni ka nucleus, he wahi okoa mai kekahi'ē aʻe ikehu electrons pili ana i ka ia ka Astronomical o kekahi'Ātoma. Pela ka mea i loaa mai: ia ma ke aniani i koe loa ka ikehu pae i oko mai kekahi i kekahi i lawa uuku, e hana i kekahi'opihia wahi. Nā perturbations i hoʻolauna phonons liilii, no ka mea, hoʻokahi'Ātoma papa koa i ole loa ikaika. A pau i mau mea o ka like ka noi me ka a pau. No laila, i ka phonon ikehu, e like me ka mea he "mea hoʻoheheʻe" i loko o ka wahi o ka ikehu. Ma muli o kēia, a me ka Mossbauer kanawai.

Electromagnetic pālākiō

I ka holo ana o na mea i papa (particles) ua pu ma ka electromagnetic a ke kahua. Keia mea e ukuhi i, no ka mea hoike, i ka ninau o ke kumu i kekahi Honua a me ka mahina ka mea, a me na mea e ae -ʻaʻohe. Nä hawewe electromagnetic hiki ke subdivided i papa e like me kā lākou alapine (frequency), a nolaila ikehu. Kēia mau 'ano i interconnected, a hilinaʻi ma ka ke kōā. He aha ka ka Mossbauer hookoia hiki wale pokole, aka i ka poʻe heluhelu kahi electromagnetic a me ka unahiʻole ua ke aupuni 'gamma pāhawewe. No laila, e wehe aʻe i nā airwaves me ka unahiʻole. Theoretically kali lākou ke kōā - Ana ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Naʻe, i ka ikaika o ka pāhawewe makemake e ai uuku i ka mea mea hiki ole ke aaeno. Iki kiekie alapine (frequency) i loko o ka terahertz pāhawewe. Eia naʻe, ia mea, a ua mālama i ka Radio hawewe i loko o loa i ho'ākāka 'ana: inhibition o electrons i loko o kaʻume mākenēki kahua, flexural kuekueni o polymers, i ka neʻeʻana o excitons i loko o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa. More akaka aʻe hapa o ka electromagnetic a pae - ka pāhawewe. Ua hoʻoili i ka ikehu i ke ano o ka wela. ikehu O kiekie o hiki malamalama. I ka hapa o ka pae i ke kanaka maka ike mea uuku loa hoohalikeia me ka unahiʻole, i holoʻokoʻa.

Red malamalama i ka haahaa ikehu, a me ka poni - i ka lani kiekie loa. Ma keia e pili ana, ka mea, ua ike paradox: ka nui anu ka wai ua hōʻike i ka uliuli, nona ka ikehu mea kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ia o ka ulaula malamalama. E hahai ana ka ultraviolet hapa o ka electromagnetic a me ka unahiʻole i mua i ke alapine (frequency) i lawa ke kiekie, e komo i loko o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa. I loko nō o ka mea i kanaka, e like me ka mea ola ma luna o mākou Honua, mai ike ultraviolet malamalama, kona nui no ka pono functioning o liluwelo meaola mea, alahula mau. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ultraviolet study o ka la. Higher ikehu, a me ka hiki e komo iloko o na waiwai i X-Ray. Ke kumu o ia pāhawewe o ka deceleration o electrons i loko o ka electromagnetic a kula. Nā electrons hiki e nā paʻa, a laila, no nā'ātoma a me ka ole. Ka 'inikua manaʻo, he manao maalea e noa electrons. Eia hoi, i ka toughest a me ka loa pōkole-nalu ka gamma pāhawewe.

X-kukuna a me ka gamma

Mossbauer ai a me kona palapala noi i loko o ke kālaikūlohea a me ka hana 'enekinia, pono e maopopo ma waena o gamma kukuna a me ka X-kukuna. Ma ka nui o ka ikaika, a, me, ka ke kōā ka mea, i loko o ka loa laulā huahelu o ke ano. Ia mea, aia no he gamma a me ka X-kukuna me ke kōā o ka 5 picometres. Okoa epekema no lākou hoʻomākaukau. Like wehewehe luna, me ka X-pāhawewe ia lŘlŘ ka wā o ka deceleration o electrons. Eia hoʻi, i loko o kekahi mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana (me nukelea) nalo huina'ine, mai ka pā iwi lawa kaumaha'Ātoma, e like me uranium. Eia naʻe, 'ē aʻe electrons kamaʻilioʻana, e lawe i kona wahi. Oia nā mahele, a ua lilo i kumu o ke X-kukuna. Gamma na kukuna nō i ka hopena o ka nucleus nā mahele mai i ka mea kiekie oia ka pīhoihoi moku'āina. Kēia pāhawewe i He kiʻekiʻe penetrating hiki, a ionizes nā'ātoma ia i hana. Ma ke aha ka wā o ka gamma Ray collides me ka nucleus o ka'Ātoma, he pono e ka ai-kapaia kickback. Eia naʻe, ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka mea, huli mai ia i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o gamma na kukuna a me ka nucleus o ka'Ātoma no i kaʻoʻoleʻa kino, i ka hopena e nalowale. Keia ua wehewehe ia e ka mea i nā ikehu, e like me ka mea i "haukaʻe i" ma ka lolouila ka poe hao wale o ka aniani, e pili ana i ka phonon.

isotopes

Mossbauer kanawai a me kona noi ua pili loa aku i ka kekahi kahaha ko oukou naau mea: ka kŰia aʻole e hana ma luna o nā mea a pau o ka Nine Inch hehee wale o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. Eia hoʻi, ia mea nui i kekahi mau waiwai isotopes wale no. Inā ua poina koke i ka mea heluhelu i ka mea a isotopes hoʻomanaʻo aʻela nō. Ua ua ike ia kekahi haawiia'Ātoma ka uila'ākilikai. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i loko o ka nucleus o maikaʻi protons like ka nui me ia ma ka huina'ine iwi. Eia naʻe,ʻo kāna mau 'ōlelo i loaʻa he neutron, huna me ka uku ole. Inā e hoʻololi i ka helu i loko o ka nucleus, uila neutrality ua i hehi, akā, i ka waiwai o ka'Ātoma hoʻololi iki. Eia hou, ka mea hana i ka mea kaumaha kālaiōewe mea radioactive a me ka mea prone i ka palaho, oiai maʻamau mea mea he hale lio. Muli o kona kulana i ka papa inoa o nā pōhaku puna oihana mua a me kā lākou mau isotopes, a i wehewehe aku ma ka Mossbauer kanawai. Ka loaʻaʻana o ka ⁵⁷ Fe, no kekahi laʻana, ua nui hilinaʻi ma keia kŰia.

Ka hoʻohana a quantum loa

Hua ka ho'āʻoʻana, a ua hookupaa iho la ia ma kekahi a na kekahi kuhiakau pili i ka microscopic ao nei, ia mea pinepine ole maʻalahi. Eia hou kekahi, ia mea unclear mea ia e pōmaikaʻi ai ke lawe mai i ka ia ia Mossbauer? I ka hoʻohana 'o ia, nae, o ka laula, nui iho la ia. Hoʻokolokolo 'ana o ka waiwai o ka mea pōaka mea, amorphous puaʻa hiwa a finely comminuted me ka pauka, i, a me Via keia quantum kŰia. i koi iaʻikepili ma 'ano mamao mai ka hana mau pauku (ʻimi naʻauao ke kālaikūlohea), a ma ka mea pili kanaka no ka hoʻopaʻi' - e like me laau lapaau. Penei, ka Mossbauer keia a me kona hoʻohana 'ana e ke noʻonoʻo me ka laʻana o kaʻimi naʻauao Kaka, i lawe mai i ka hailona o ia e pōmaikaʻi ai, e like me ka maʻamau o ke ola.